tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65706600149757683402024-03-08T02:44:13.813-08:00Writing long essaysGed Essay Topics Practicedebraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-34795410952476699022020-08-25T22:37:00.001-07:002020-08-25T22:37:14.948-07:00Influence of Media on Young Peoples OpinionsImpact of Media on Young Peoples Opinions The broad communications impacts individuals and particularly on the more youthful age. It assumes a significant job in molding the conclusions and places of youngsters. Contend possibly in support of this announcement. Quynh Huong Ly As correspondence advances and stages proceed to progress and advance, the broad communications is progressively turning into an increasingly powerful factor in present day society. It is an integral asset that strongly affects the populace all in all and in especially on the more youthful age. In present day society, the broad communications can shape both the conclusions and places of the more youthful age who are progressively inquisitive and can all the more effectively be affected. This can make new societies, however can likewise change ways of life somewhat by molding suppositions and positions. This article will talk about the three significant impacts that the broad communications has on the more youthful ages and their belongings in supporting the announcement ââ¬Å"The broad communications affects individuals and particularly on the more youthful age. It assumes a significant job in molding the conclusions and places of youthful peopleâ⬠. Right off the bat, promotion s are changing youthful people groups sees on excellence ideas and invigorate utilization. Also, the impacts of online life stages, for example, Facebook are molding conduct patterns and ways of life. At long last, music has shape feelings and a wellspring of motivation in making new profession thoughts for the more youthful individuals. These days, notices have incredible capacity to affect minds and make new propensities among the more youthful ages. Enormous pieces of their lives are associated with commercials through different types of media, for example, the radio, movies and magazines. Also, as indicated by Vitelli (2013) ââ¬Å"Television, Commercials, and Your Childâ⬠, sponsors attempt to target youngsters by: focusing on new items with unique highlights, creating notices which know about day by day life so crowds don't understand they are watching plugs and causing them to lose the capacity to recognize reality and the promoting that they are observing each day. All the more as of late, with the improvement of increasingly sweeping foundation of broad communications, the a great many messages about flawless the self-perceptions introduced on banners and on network shows have re-molded conclusions on what is the perfect body shape for ladies. The amazing messages have made ladies fixated on the new fema le body measures. Attempting to fit into what is spoken to as alluring by the broad communications, have caused focused and have negatively affected a few ladies, specifically the more youthful ladies who want to comfort more. A model about the negative impacts of commercials on the youthful ages is developing their unthinkable assumptions regarding appealing appearances by utilizing extravagance pictures of supermodels and famous people, who they plan to resemble (Wikipedia 2014). Along these lines, young people will in general attempt keep their body slender through putting themselves on a tight eating routine, doing exercise or in any event, getting restorative medical procedure while they are forever discontent with their bodies. Likewise, it is proposed that utilizing the dynamic excellence of youngsters for cheap food promoting is additionally one of the reasons for changing dietary patterns and increasing stoutness rates on the adolescent (Ashton 2004). Now and again, they ar e pulled in by the promotions when individuals with great shape, are eating quick nourishments and might feel that it is sound nourishments or in any event, eating them will assist with keeping their bodies in the same class as in the notice. The paces of weight in kids and youth have nearly significantly increased in the last 25 years. Roughly 20% of youth are presently overweight with stoutness rates in preschool age kids speeding up (The effect of food promoting on youth corpulence 2014). In spite of the fact that the job of publicizing in present day society is obvious in light of the fact that it is utilized to both acquaint new items with the general population and is the most limited approach to propel utilization, it is by and large accepted that notices have results on people groups mind, particularly on the more youthful ages since notices for the most part have consistently overstated reality, likewise changed the feelings and places of youngsters. As of late, person to person communication locales have gotten more mainstream than any other time in recent memory, they likewise legitimately sway on conduct of individuals, especially on young people how as they conclude how to interface one another and how to regard their connections. Long range informal communication locales have become a significant upheaval in the public eye. There are a ton of focal points that can be related with this, yet a disturbing inclination out of this, is the youngsters appear to be increasingly disconnected in their own reality and donââ¬â¢t figure out how cooperate with society accordingly, they step by step lose their interchanges aptitudes and the closeness of eye to eye connections (Dakin 2014). ) previously, up close and personal was the most ideal way which individuals decided to impart to one another. With the presence of Facebook, peoplesââ¬â¢ lives, minds and the practices of the adolescent have changed. Youngsters are exceptionally d ependent on Facebook as they invest a ton of energy in the web to refresh status, post on dividers, and considerably whatever they make. This prompts them overlooking investing energy with families or spending time with companions with the goal for them to sit before PC screen to approve their significance in the public arena. The quantity of ââ¬Å"Likesâ⬠they have, the more this approves their certainty (Sameer 2011). Furthermore, the improvement of person to person communication is one reason why the youngsters are turning into the narcissist. As indicated by Harrington (2013), in ââ¬Å"Hey you, itââ¬â¢s about meâ⬠, the young people are archiving all that they do in their lives and posting selfies on long range interpersonal communication to get more considerations from others, and beginning to look all starry eyed at themselves. Little youngsters are bound to be disappointed with their shape and weight, regardless of whether they are exceptionally sound and adjust ed from this (Sameer 2011). For instance, with the help of Photoshop advancements, the photographs on Facebook are likely more alluring than the reality. This makes pressures on youngster young ladies attempt to keep their appearances as flawless as the photos on the web. The unrest of interpersonal interaction destinations impacts emphatically on the more youthful ages through changing their perspectives about interchanges in a virtual world. One result of the broad communications that is a major effect on the young is music, which profoundly influences the ways of life of adolescents, the controlling of feelings and working up character on individuals. In current society, there are numerous advances, for example, iPhone, iPod which can adequately associate the young to music where they go. It is accepted that the youthful ages tune in to music while they are eating, contemplating and dozing. Hence, music appears to assume a unique job in forming their assessments and positions. The blast of music recordings on YouTube carries youngsters to another style culture when they will in general duplicate pictures of their golden calves (Wixom 2013). For instance, new design slants regularly approach general society through the whizzes in their music recordings. At the point when the young inquiry and watch the recordings on web, they are effectively pulled in styles of VIPs, so they attempt to dress or let their hair comparative ly to renowned individuals and might think they look all the more alluringly. These days, there are youthful youngsters build up their music vocation in that manner they produce recordings, update them on online sites to impart to individuals. In the event that the music items were fruitful, they could become well known individuals considerably following one day. All things considered they have settled on vocation choices dependent on components of the broad communications. Therefore, advantages of music are motivating and making a great deal of chances for the adolescent to make their fantasies work out as expected (Wixom 2013). Moreover, the verses on music melodies unequivocally impact on brains, feelings and practices of youngsters. The data on the web is commonly uncensored and youngsters additionally are upheld by many pursuit devices. In this manner, they can without much of a stretch be affected their soul by the unconformable verses which can make defiant propensities or th e early sexual attention to youngsters (Holden 2014). For instance, numerous melodies are created dependent on the romantic tale and the occasions, in actuality. Despite the fact that the messages on those melodies may be given by the individual perspectives, yet they despite everything have an extraordinary force. Particularly, when small kids tune in to music continually, they for the most part will in general respond and think as verses in tunes. Subsequently, they know about the issues in the public eye very soon and grow up quicker than their genuine old. In spite of the fact that the impact of music to youngsters with both negative and positive, yet it is bit by bit getting one of the determinants of conduct and thinking about the more youthful ages. All in all, advanced society has made a significant broad communications unrest with the assistance of the accessibility of all the new innovations accessible, for example, TV, magazine, music, online networking and the web. This has given the broad communications a colossal force in impacting the recognitions and ways of life of the more youthful individuals. It could even be expressed that the discernments and ways of life of the more youthful ages are generally impacted by the data gave by the numerous types of media, as they search based all choices from the data gave on the web. The web is utilized for logical data, amusement and interfacing companions. The thoughts and perspectives from the web are normally gotten from the majority, so they have both constructive and adverse, however youngsters are given the decision to see and accept what is of incentive to them. In this way, they ought to pick the most proper methodology so as to get the best worth that the broad communicatio ns are adding to human. Everything as above have star debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-55791196357718946072020-08-22T06:03:00.001-07:002020-08-22T06:03:29.269-07:00good morning Vietnam essaysgreat morning Vietnam articles The film Good Morning, Vietnam Directed by Barry Levinson and composed by Mitch Markowitz Had a strong view, that was depicted from multiple points of view, on the jobs of the North Vietnamese, South Vietnamese, and American Soldiers. It additionally delineated an away from of the Vietnamese Civilians and Viet Cong. The film started with an obvious depiction of American Soldiers inside the jumbles of an office, and the errors among the high positioning and higher positioning Officers. Robin Williams is brought into the Movie as a clever man intended to be a radio DJ for the American Soldiers battling outside the Office. The high-positioning authorities responsible for the News broadcastings constrained Adrian Cronauer (played by Robin Williams) to communicate the most mellow of new about the war to the troopers; exactly the same warriors who were battling the war. In this was, the movie producer for all intents and purposes hands over to the crowd the way that high positioning authorities needed to practically dazzle sight audience members into believing that the war is just being battled in the hills...that it is, truth be told, not genuine to them, however exceptionally inaccessible. By doing this he shows how, by utilizing purposeful publicity, the news controlled out view [American view] and the warriors sees on the war that we were battling. Deluding the majority to accept what the bunch of significant pioneers felt was important for the majority to accept by keeping them mal-educated and willfully unaware of the real circumstances close by. Alongside the depiction of misguided judgment inside the frustrates of the Vietnam War, the movie producer effectively had the option to serve the crowd with seeing people inside every military perplex. He made the absolute opposite of the anonymous mass purposeful publicity that Dictators, for example, Hitler used to make a subhuman tag for their objectives. Consider the way that when an understudy finds out about mass losses in a war, decades before their time, they just observe the numbe... <! debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-36112033531744868222020-08-10T10:04:00.001-07:002020-08-10T10:04:02.724-07:00Dissecting a Great Cover LetterDissecting a Great Cover Letter One type of writing that is often requested (and just as often misunderstood) is the cover letter. There are several different reasons why a cover letter can be requested. A common instance is a request for a cover letter in addition to ones resume when applying for a new job. Another type of cover letter request is for college applications and vocational certification programs, as well as for when applying for scholarships, grants, and other types of financial aid.Regardless of its intent, a great cover letter is usually required if you want to enter a new program in college or a new job in the workforce, and care should be taken in how it is written. In order to help you with the cover letter writing process, weve divided the task up into three separate parts that should be addressed individually. In the following article, we will discuss details on writing each part â" the introduction, body, and conclusion â" as well as provide two sample cover letters.IntroductionIn the first paragraph, introduce yourself, the position youre interested in, and the fact that youre the perfect candidate for the position or the program (if applying to graduate program).You really cant go wrong with this simple formula as the entire introduction of your cover letter. Oftentimes, the best introductions are those that are short, to the point, and nicely worded. While its understandable that you want to give the reader a sense of who you are within a few paragraphs, keep in mind that friendly, concise communication is generally preferred when the reader is receiving multiple cover letters at once.Heres an example of an effective introductory paragraph:I was very excited to learn about the website content manager position you have available at New Marketing, and I would like to take the opportunity to introduce myself and the reason I believe I would be the perfect fit for your creative team.In the second [and following] paragraph, discuss two to three highlights of your career and achievements that show why you are the perfect candidate for the job or program.Think of this paragraph and the next (if you include it as part of the body) as a best of, highlighting two or three achievements or career milestones that make you the perfect candidate for the position. If youve received any awards in your field, this is where you might mention them. If you have been entrusted with leadership roles, increased sales by a certain percentage, or any similar accomplishment that would make you stand out from other candidates, include those as well.Much of what you should include within the second and third paragraphs will be dependent on the position you are seeking, or the program to which you are applying. You should tailor the body of your cover letter to the highlights of your career and experience that would be best suited for the position or program. If its an academic program youre applying to and youre supplying a cover letter for that, the body of your letter s hould mention any papers youve written and published, or research that youve presented at conferences. Any experience conducting research is going to be useful in academic programs, so the person who will be reviewing your cover letter will want to know the extent of your involvement with conducting, analyzing, and writing about research.If the purpose of your cover letter is to apply for a position at a new company, the body of your cover letter should mention work youve done in the past that has prepared you for the job youre writing about. Particularly if the job is in a creative field, supplying web links to your online portfolio pieces gives the reader a quick, easy way to get to know your work. If the cover letter is to be sent via e-mail, you can link your portfolio directly from the letter.Heres an example of a paragraph that links to your portfolio:Content is more than copy or text, and it includes the whole graphical interface a website user experiences when online. As por tfolio pieces Ive designed personally on Squarespace, including all graphic and copy elements, the following links will give you a brief glimpse of what I can do as a creative on your team: [link here] and [link here].In the third paragraph, close with expressing your interest in speaking with the hiring or admissions committee, in person, to further explain why youre the perfect candidate for the job or graduate program.In much the same way that the introduction was short and to the point, your conclusion should restate your interest in the position and your hope for a face-to-face meeting. Let them know how to contact you and close it with a friendly salutation. This paragraph can be considered a call to action (a term used in marketing circles) in the sense that you are requesting they take action and call you in for an interview to learn more about you and your candidacy for the program or position.Something like this:I have additional examples that showcase the scope of the wor k I do as a creative in the fields of web design and marketing, and I would appreciate the opportunity to speak with you further about why I believe I am the perfect candidate for this position. You can contact me by e-mail at [insert e-mail address here] or by phone at [insert phone number here].Or:Although I have written and published multiple pieces in regional magazines, I am most proud of my research on helping low-level readers achieve freedom to read on their own, without assistance, and to develop a love for the act of reading. I hope to continue conducting this type of research in your esteemed program, and I look forward to speaking with you more about my potential as a graduate student.Cover letter formattingWhen writing a cover letter, it is important to keep in mind the same etiquette used in writing letters to an associate or business. Unless it is specifically requested that your cover letter be written as an e-mail, in e-mail format, think of it as a letter that you would send through the postal service, with the recipients name and address â" along with your name and address â" included at the top 1/3 of the page. Use easy-to-read font that is between 10 point and 12 point in size, and avoid using colors other than standard blue, gray, or black, depending on the type of paper you will be printing it on.If the letter will be printed, also be sure that the paper you put it on is clean, white, and doesnt have a lot of distracting marks on it (like some stationery might have).Web design sample cover letterYour NameStreet AddressCity, State ZIP CodeDateRecipients NameTitle (if he or she has one)Street AddressCity, State ZIP CodeDear Hiring Manager*:I was very excited to learn about the website content manager position you have available at New Marketing, and I would like to take the opportunity to introduce myself and the reason I believe I would be the perfect fit for your creative team.With extensive experience writing copy across multiple medi a â" from online content to publishing in local and regional magazines â" I believe that I will be able to continue to develop creative work that adds to your reputation in the industry. With a bachelors degree in English and a minor in graphic design, I have demonstrated knowledge that I can span both sides of the creative aisle when helping clients with their online brand reputation and content.Content is more than just copy or text, and it includes the whole graphical interface a website user experiences when online. As portfolio pieces Ive designed personally on Squarespace, including all graphic and copy elements, the following links will give you a brief glimpse of what I can do as a creative on your team: here and here.I have additional examples that showcase the scope of the work I do as a creative in the fields of web design and marketing, and I would appreciate the opportunity to speak with you further about why I believe that I am the perfect candidate for this position . You can contact me by e-mail at [insert e-mail address here] or by phone at [insert phone number here].Sincerely,Your name[*note that it is always preferable to use the name of your intended reader, if you have that information available. If you dont have the information available, sometimes a few phone calls are all it takes to know which exact name to write in the salutation. Dear Sir/Madam is sometimes used, but not preferred, according to most experts. If you can write the readers exact name, your letter will have a better opportunity of having a powerful effect on the reader. Its simply human nature to prefer being addressed by your name.]Admission sample cover letterYour NameStreet AddressCity, State ZIP CodeDateRecipients NameTitle (if they have one)Street AddressCity, State ZIP CodeDear Admissions Committee:Having recently earned my Bachelor of Arts in English from The University of Tennessee, I am interested in applying to your graduate program as a candidate for the Mast ers of Education, with certification to teach English for grades 7-12. I believe that I am the perfect candidate for your program, and I am excited to begin the application process.As an honors award recipient throughout all four years of my undergraduate studies, I have had several opportunities to publish my research and work related to the field of language studies and the English curriculum. The piece that I am most proud of was co-written with Dr. Sarah Helding and entitled, Teaching low-level readers to read through finding what motivates them. This particular study was published in the Journal of American Educators and received glowing reviews from the editors of the journal. The best impact of my research, however, was learning that several school systems in the area, particularly those in urban districts, will be adopting the methods we wrote about in their own classes for struggling readers. Knowing that my research will be put to practical, meaningful use is what encourag es me to continue in this field.Although I have written and published multiple pieces in regional magazines, I am most proud of my research into helping low-level readers achieve freedom to read on their own, without assistance, and to develop a love for the act of reading. I hope to continue conducting this type of research in your esteemed program, and I look forward to speaking with you more about my potential as a graduate student.Sincerely,Your name debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-55984163002304575992020-05-23T16:47:00.001-07:002020-05-23T16:47:04.532-07:00Eating Disorders - 1328 Words The rise of clinically diagnosed cases of anorexia nervosa nervosa and bulimia nervosa nervosa are increasing over the decades. According to Barlow,Durand and Stewart(2012), eating disorders are found to be more prevalent among women, specifically between the ages of 12 and 25 years of age. Prior to modern research, researchers saw eating disorders as a Western phenomenon due to the fact that non western countries did not have such a wide variety of food available to them. This perspective is now changing. Individuals in other countries (non-western) have been diagnosed with eating disorders as well, however it is not as frequent as the United States or Canada for example(Barlow et al., 2012). The purpose of the paper is to describeâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦With that said, women go to drastic measures such as following a strict diet in order to obtain the ââ¬Å"ideal body imageâ⬠. Eyal Teââ¬â¢eni-Harari (2013), describe the ways in which the media portrays thin people a nd bigger individuals. Heavier character on TV shows appear to be unattractive and or not sexually desirable. Another key point that was brought from Eyal Teââ¬â¢eni-Harariââ¬â¢s (2013) article is that women have been proven to unconsciously compare themselves to other women especially those that they praise(models/celebrities). With this knowledge, it is fair to place some blame on the media and its ââ¬Å"thin unattainable idealâ⬠and its influence on women and their low self-esteem which in turn may cause an eating disorder (Eyal Teââ¬â¢eni-Harari 2013). In the article ââ¬Å"Eating and Body Image Disturbances Across Cultures: A Reviewâ⬠by Soh, Touyz Surgenor (2006), the authors suggested the possibility of the Western culture influenced the Non- Western into adapting the ââ¬Å"ideal of thinnessâ⬠. For the reason that Non-Western cultures valued ââ¬Å"thicknessâ⬠prior to thinness. They also stated that eating disorders other wise known as â⬠Å"non- eating disordersâ⬠have been prevalent in other non-westernized countries for centuries (Soh et al., 2006). These researchers also encountered a finding that suggested acculturation of western society played a large role in the non- western world to adopt western traditionsShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1205 Words à |à 5 PagesEating Disorders in Todayââ¬â¢s World Eating disorders are alive and well in todayââ¬â¢s world and they are a major problem. An eating disorder can look like a few different things, ranging from a severe reduction of food intake to over eating to feelings of negativity towards your body shape or weight (Lehigh University). While some disorders can only be found in specific age groups, races, etc., eating disorders can be found amongst all and it does not necessarily have to be pointed towards food (LehighRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1184 Words à |à 5 Pagesas an eating disorder. Weir (2016) goes on to explain the origins behind eating disorders in individuals. This topic is important because, in the United States, many women and men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some point in their life. It is important to know the influences that cause an individual to experience an eating disorder. Genetically, or environmentally, or both genetically and environmentally. Anorexia ner vosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder are eatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1573 Words à |à 7 Pagesaffects people called an ââ¬Å"eating disorder.â⬠Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because it is a very prevalent issue in our society today, and a close friend of mine is suffering from an eating disorder. What question(s) did you want to answer or what was your hypothesis regarding this topic? As mammals, there is no chance of escaping the need to consume food in everyday life. However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too little. Doing eitherRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1104 Words à |à 5 PagesEating disorder is a serious problem happens in both men and women. Eating disorder is a sort of disease in which a person is having a strange routine of eating like consuming a huge amount of food each time they eat. This can incorporate not eating enough nourishment or indulging. Eating disorder influence many people around the world. The larger part of peoples who are dealing with this issue are ladies. A person with eating disorder issue may focus nonsensically on their weight and shape. EatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"An eating disorder is about anxiety and control and healing from trauma and food and weight are just the tools of destructionâ⬠(Floyd, Mim ms, Yelding, 2008). An eating disorder is defined as a severe disturbance in eating behavior. 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They can come in the form of overeating, or not eating enough, they are oftenRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1496 Words à |à 6 PagesAn eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amount of food, but as some point, the urge to eat less or more has gotten out of control. Severe distress or concern about body weight or shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and a binge-eatingRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1031 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬Å"The eating disorder is a very jealous and abusive partner. It requires a lot of devotion in the extent that you have to devote yoursel f to tending to the anorexia. There s not a lot of time left over for adult life,â⬠was stated by Dr. Doug Bunnell, a specialist in eating disorders. Eating disorders effect a variety of people. Age, race, and gender arenââ¬â¢t role playing keys in eating disorders. Not everyone gets an eating disorder, but if they do then, it will more than likely destroy their livesRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1906 Words à |à 8 Pagesobtain their body goal, thus causing an eating disorder. An eating disorder is a psychological condition that is characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. There are three types of eating disorders; which are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating.These disorders affect all aspects of a personââ¬â¢s life, including their psychological, emotional, and physical health. There are many factors that contribute to individuals developing eating disorders including: genetics, family pressuresRead MoreEating Disorders : Ea ting Disorder1235 Words à |à 5 PagesEating Disorders Eating disorders are a very serious psychological condition that affects your mind so that you are more focused on your food and weight than you are on everything else. The most known and most commonly diagnosed eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder; however, these are not the only eating disorders. Eating disorders cause psychical and psychological problems, which at their worst can even become life threating. Statistics show that more women are affected debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-52474558692914452452020-05-12T14:03:00.001-07:002020-05-12T14:03:03.402-07:00The American Foreign Policy Should Be Non-Interventionist... The United States was once a non-interventionist nation that minded our own affairs. However, this nation is now always involved with other countriesââ¬â¢ problems because America just cannot seem to mind its own business. The United States needs to stop getting involved in what is going on abroad frequently and start fixing problems at home because those are Americaââ¬â¢s top priority to discuss and handle. If the United States is going to consider getting involved in Foreign Affairs, the involvement should be valid and reasonable. The United States needs to significantly reduce its involvement in events abroad and mind its own business. The United States needs to stop minding other nationââ¬â¢s conflicts. The United States has been involved inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The involvement by military means will worsen the situation like it has in the Middle East and the relationship between the United States and Russia. ââ¬Å"US Ambassador Samantha Power said the US rejec ted Russiaââ¬â¢s military annexation of Crimea. She warned that the US and its allies, who imposed sanctions on Russia two days ago, are prepared to take additional steps if Russian aggression continues.â⬠(ââ¬Å"Russia and the US exchange threatsâ⬠). Clearly threatening to start a war against a large superpower like Russia is not the best way to ensure the nationââ¬â¢s security and will only instigate more problems like war which is definitely something that should not happen. Another foreign conflict that the United States was involved in without a valid reason was the Abadan Crisis in Iran. It was a crisis when the Iranian government under the leadership of Mohammad Mossadegh nationalized the assets of the British Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and expelled all western oil companies. The United States immediately stepped in and the CIA and the British MI6 orchestrated a coup to restore the pro-american Mohammad Reza Pahlavi back to power and have Britain and ot her new western oil corporations including ones from the United States to have their business interests in Iran. According to an article by The Guardian, British foreign secretary Sir Anthony Eden regarded Mossadegh as a serious threat to its strategic and economic interests after he nationalised the British AIOC.Show MoreRelatedThe Trends Of Foreign Policy And National Security1653 Words à |à 7 PagesAmerican foreign policy has gradually changed since the birth of our nation. On July 4, 1891, John Quincy Adams addressed the Senate and House of Representatives during a powerful Independence Day speech designed to prevent an alliance with the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire. Although sympathetic to their cause, he warned against involving America in other statesââ¬â¢ affairs, stating,â⬠America does not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to Freedom and independenceRead MoreAmerica s Position On Reciprocity And Bilateral Free Trade Agree ments1574 Words à |à 7 PagesCommerce of the United States in Foreign Countriesâ⬠in order to consolidate Americaââ¬â¢s position on reciprocity and bilateral free trade agreements. In the document he emphasized that ââ¬Å"free commerce and navigation are not to be given in exchange for restrictions and vexations; nor are they likely to produce a relaxation of themâ⬠. Above all, Jefferson was concerned with ââ¬Å"fair and equal accessâ⬠to all foreign markets and realized that other European mercantilist policies were not favorable towards a completelyRead More[1] In Her Widely Known Call For American Action In The1275 Words à |à 6 Pages [1] In her widely known call for American action in the face of genocide, A Problem From Hell, former journalist Samantha Powers wrote ââ¬Å"ââ¬â¢all progress depends on the unreasonable man.ââ¬â¢ After a century of doing so little to prevent, suppress, and punish genocide, Americans must join and thereby legitimate the ranks of the unreasonable.â⬠Her demand was that American society at large join the few in its ranks who have vehemently fought for U.S. action in the face of genocide, long considered the ââ¬Å"unreasonableâ⬠Read MoreAmerican Government During The Twentieth Century1626 Words à |à 7 Pagesof the lives of individuals than ever before. In 1789, American government was granted the privilege to intervene in a limited amount of citizensââ¬â¢ affairs. Today, American Government has grown to be involved in family life, social life, and even life of foreign nations. This type of involvement is not traditional and not what Americaââ¬â¢s founding fathers intended. Life in America was not always so intertwined with government. In fact, American government did not begin to expand exponentially untilRead MoreWoodrow Wilson And Theodore Roosevelt Essay1463 Words à |à 6 Pageshaving a prosperous economy built on free market system. The facets of an American identity mo stly revolved around corporate power and stability. The corporations grew at a national scale effortlessly, and within years, international; the United States was following similar footsteps of the British East India Company as an emulation to the western hemisphere. Contracted railroads, lands, and farms were the crux of American imperialism in the Americas. 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The Great Depression caused diverse types of citizens, groups, and even government officials to voice their opinion for isolationismRead MoreEssay about American Foreign Policy in Syria1237 Words à |à 5 PagesThere is an increasingly growing global controversy about whether the United States should intervene in the Syrian confl ict, and whether this intervention should be military or strategic. The U.S. has recently avoided interfering militarily in Syria or providing the rebels with direct support, but admitted the presence of the Syrian opposition. However, the U.S. has been criticized for its non-intervention policy, especially with the rise in the level of violence and the spread of conflict to otherRead MorePost American World Synopsis715 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Post-American World We have entered a new age of economic growth. Fareed Zakaria explains in his bestseller, ââ¬Å"The Post-American Worldâ⬠, that we are currently experiencing the third power shift in 500 years. In ââ¬Å"The Post-American Worldâ⬠, Zakaria shows us where America stands when compared to rapidly growing countries. America can no longer hold its position of acting director on the world stage with countries rapidly catching up. It is now Americaââ¬â¢s duty to provide suggestion pertaining to problems debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-6486043268345808382020-05-06T12:29:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:29:17.226-07:00Copyright Law Case Study Free Essays string(29) " his music to sell products\." Music Business Music Technology Production Year 3 K00121700 Case Study Ronan Mitchell Abstract Copyright Law is an important entity within the music industry. It protects the owner of authorship from infringement. Infringement arises when the copyright ownerââ¬â¢s work is used without their consent. We will write a custom essay sample on Copyright Law Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although sounds cannot be copyrighted, some cases have shown that the argument of copyrighting oneââ¬â¢s voice can sometimes hold weight in a court of law. Singer Tom Waits sued snack manufacturer Frito Lay for hiring a singer to impersonate him in an advert. Mr. Waits felt that his artistic copyright had been infringed upon. Frito Layââ¬â¢s defense argued that a voice cannot be protected by copyright law as it is a sound and not a musical piece of work. They referred to a similar case involving Bette Midler in which she sued Ford motors for using an impersonator in a commercial to imitate her voice. Although Midler lost the case, it created ambiguity over the issue of an artistââ¬â¢s right their voice, if they believe it to be distinctive. Tom Waits, unlike Bette Midler, won the lawsuit and earned him $2. 6 million. This case served to highlight the complexities involved with advertising agencies using, not only an artistââ¬â¢s work, but also their identity. Introduction The music industry is notoriously rife with legal disputes. Many of these are due to infringement of copyright. A grey area arises, however, when it comes to advertising. In a lot of cases, an artist will gladly accept royalties and/or remuneration to have their song featured in an advertisement. But in certain instances, artists will have strong opinions about having their music feature in an advertisement. When this happens, advertising companies who use this artistââ¬â¢s work can find themselves in the middle of an ugly legal dispute. This case study endeavors to discuss some of the legal complexities involved when advertising companies use an artistââ¬â¢s musical work. Several cases exist in the United States where advertising agencies ran into legal disputes over music featured in an ad, even when not infringing upon standard copyright laws. I have chosen two cases to cross examine to highlight certain legal problems that certain advertising companies face. The first case examined for this study is Tom Waits Vs Frito-Lay, Inc. In this case Tom Waits sued the Frito-Lay snack manufacturer and their advertising agency for voice misappropriation and false endorsement. Despite not infringing on any copyright laws, Waits won the case and was awarded $2. 6 million in compensatory damages, punitive damages and attorneyââ¬â¢s fees. (Roesler, 1992). The second case examined in this study will look at is Bette Midler Vs Ford Motor Co. This case, which preceded Waits lawsuit, is almost identical in that Fordââ¬â¢s advertising agency, Young Rubicam, Inc. hired an unknown singer to impersonate Midler on a version of her track ââ¬Å"Do You Want To Danceâ⬠. (Lurie, 1994) Midler took legal action and sued Ford for $10 million, also citing voice misappropriation. Unlike Tom Waits case, US District Judge A. Wallace Tashima ruled against Midler, stating that the evidence presented wasnââ¬â¢t sufficient and that a voice is not a copyrightabl e entity (Los Angeles Times, 1989) Study To better understand the legalities that face companies in these instances, we must first develop a better understanding of what copyright law entails. In short, Copyright is a property right. It is a set of laws and regulations set in place to protect to form of expression of ideas. The ideas themselves cannot be protected by such laws. The idea must take on some tangible form, such as a recorded piece of music, a produced film, piece of art, etc. The owners of these rights are protected by copyright law from anyone who would copy their work and reproduce it for their own monetary gain without the ownerââ¬â¢s express permission. It is the owner of the copyright who may authorize the use of their work by another party, but only they only reserve the right to do this at their discretion. Neff, 2012) Naturally, as there are many different mediums for expressing ideas, copyright law is divided into many different subsections. This is to cover all vessels for creative expression. On a simple scale, copyright subsists in four sections; Music, Film and Broadcast, Literary Publication and Original Databases. The music subset consists of Musical, Literary, Dramatic or Artistic Works. The musical copyright covers works of music that do not contain words. How notes are arranged to form melodies, song structures and chord progressions are protected by this copyright. Certain musical elements are not protected by this. If a guitarist has particularly unique guitar tone, he cannot have this protect by a copyright. A specific tone is not a tangible musical work and therefore cannot be protected. However, if the same guitarist recorded an original piece of music with that guitar tone, this recording is now a tangible body of work and can be protected by musical copyright. It is the music itself that is protected. Not the sound. (Neff, 2012) This is a particularly interesting element of Tom Waits lawsuit against Frito-Lay. The defendants argued that the ââ¬Å"voice misappropriationâ⬠case was invalid as one cannot own the rights to certain style of singing. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Tom Waits is an American singer, songwriter, composer and actor. Almost as much for his music, he is renowned for his unique gravelly, guttural singing voice. His voice has been described as sounding like ââ¬Å"like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car. â⬠(Graff, G Durchholz, D 1998). Tracy-Locke, Frito Layââ¬â¢s advertising agent, approached Tom Waits about using is his song ââ¬Å"Step Right Upâ⬠in an advert for RioSalsa Doritos. They put together a version of the song which featured new lyrics relevant to the product and played this for Waits. Tom Waits refused outright as he is vehemently opposed using his music to sell products. You read "Copyright Law Case Study" in category "Free Case study samples" It was interesting that they chose that particular song, as the lyrics are a satirical indictment of advertising. The song features advertising slogans used sarcastically to describe a product that supposedly does everything from ââ¬Å"shine your carâ⬠to ââ¬Å"make you six foot five, blonde and beautifulâ⬠. Jacobs, 2000) When he refused, the Tracy-Locke company then hired a singer to impersonate Tom Waits style of sing over a song that bared a lot of similarities the Waits ââ¬Å"Step Right Upâ⬠. Tom Waits took legal action and sued fo r voice misappropriation and false endorsement. (Roesler, 1992) As the lyrics for the song were altered to suit the ad, Waits literary copyright was unaffected. The literary copyright pertains to a work of words which are written, spoken or sung. This work does not specifically need to be written down for the copyright to apply. A recording of such work holds he same right as literary work that is written or printed. Written musical notation also falls under this subsection regardless if it is written down, printed or recorded. (Neff, 2012) As for the musical rights to the song, it transpired that Tom Waits, despite having written the piece, did not have authorship of the copyright for ââ¬Å"Step Right Upâ⬠. In normal circumstances, authorship of the copyright to a sound recording is held by the produce of said recording. In this case, the authorship fell to Fifth Floor Music run by Herb, Martin and Evan Cohen. Frito Lay had in fact obtained the synchronisation license from Fifth Floor Music. This licence enabled them to reproduce a new song extremely similar, albeit not identical, to ââ¬Å"Step Right Upâ⬠to which the new jingle lyrics were added. Tom Waits was unaware of this so was unable to step in and terminate the dealings. Although, having no authorship of the copyright, it is questionable as to whether or not this would have had any sway in the proceedings at all. (Jacobs, 2000) Similarly, in Bette Midlerââ¬â¢s case, like Waits, Midler was not the owner of the copyright. She did not write the song nor did she pen the lyrics. Ford Co. bought the rights the song ââ¬Å"Do You Want To Danceâ⬠from the publishing company that had ownership over the copyright. This meant that Ford had no obligation to contact Bette Midler with regards to their intentions to use the song for their commercial. (Lurie, 1994) Since Midler had no ownership rights, the defense argued that her ââ¬Å"voice misappropriationâ⬠was preempted by the copyright act. However, this was rejected as they found that copyright cannot be preempted if the subject matter ââ¬Å"does not come within the subject matter of copyrightâ⬠¦.. ncluding works or authorship not fixed in any tangible medium of expression. â⬠(UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) It was decided that, since it was not possible to copyright a particular sound (like that of the guitar tone), the voice was not suitable copyright subject matter. Thus, copyright preemption did not apply. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Al though the court ruled in favor of the defendant, Midlerââ¬â¢s case of ââ¬Å"voice misappropriationâ⬠raised the question of a celebrityââ¬â¢s right to control over their identity, with respect to commercial use. This ambiguity was vital to the outcome of Waits lawsuit only three years later. Lurie, 1994) The copyright preemption issue in Midlerââ¬â¢s case was referred to in Waits Vs Frito Lay. The defense requested that, since Tom Waits was not the lawful owner of the music copyright, the preemption of copyright law did not apply in this instance as it had with Midler. Waits case was not for infringement of a tangible copyrightable piece of work, but for infringement of voice. Again, voices are merely sounds; and sounds are not protected by copyright law. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Despite this, the defense argued that, even though they had copied Waits musical style, they did not imitate his voice. This was found to be untrue, however. It transpired that Tracy-Lockeââ¬â¢s executive producer was quite concerned with the legal implications of their singerââ¬â¢s striking similarity to Waitsââ¬â¢ voice. He requested that they record another version of the jingle asking the singer to sing less like Waits. Unhappy with the result, Frito Lay insisted they use first version. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) On the day that the commercial was due to air, Tracy Lockeââ¬â¢s managing vice president spoke with their attorney regarding what legal issues they might encounter. He was advised that there was a strong possibility of legal ramification due to recent case law that recognized a distinctive voice as protectable. However, as style was not protectable, their attorney informed them that the case might hold no merit. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Despite the warning, Frito Lay chose the version that imitated Tom Waitsââ¬â¢ distinctive voice. It was proposed that the jury be given a proposed instruction on the distinction between voice and style which read, ââ¬Å"In contemporary music, there are a great many styles or ââ¬Å"sounds,â⬠â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Style is not subject to ownership. No singer can appropriate for himself any style and exclude others from performing in the same style. Any singer is free to sing in the same style. â⬠(UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) This instruction was rejected by the district court. Given that there were a lot of similarities between this case and Midlerââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"voice-misappropriationâ⬠case, the jury was asked to decide whether or not they found Waitsââ¬â¢ style to be distinctive. The defense argued that the omitted instruction was an error in judgment as this then left the jury unclear as to what the distinction was between voice and style. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. Waits argued that although no copyright infringement had occurred, he felt his artistic integrity had been compromised. It was put forth that anyone had heard the advertisement would automatically assume that it was Waits singing. Waits has strongly spoken out about artists taking money to allow their music to be used to sell product. He felt that, as the Doritos advertisement jingle sounded identical to his voice and musical style, that his fans would assume he participated in the advertisement and had willing endorsed the product. This, he asserted, was damaging to his reputation and his career as an artist. UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) The jury then listened to several of Tom Waits songs to determine both his musical and vocal style. The court then played them the Doritos advertisement in question for comparison. To convince them further, Waits attorneys had them hear testimonies from people who had in fact thought that it was Waits in the advertisement. (Roesler, 1992) This argument was persuasive enough to sway the jury. They were convinced when they heard to advertisement and the testimonies that, despite the fact that no copyrightable material had been infringed upon, Waitsââ¬â¢ artistic integrity had been compromised. The jury found that the defendants had ââ¬Å"acted with oppression, fraud or maliceâ⬠(Roesler, 1992, p. 15). Tom Waits was awarded 2. 6 million dollars in compensatory damages and attorneyââ¬â¢s fees. Conclusion In conclusion, we can see from the above cases that copyright is a bastion for musical artists. They help to protect an artistââ¬â¢s right to their work and a right to their form of expression from being exploited by large companies and advertising agencies who can sometimes try to profit from their work. Although, as they are vital to protecting an artistââ¬â¢s creative work, we can also seen from the cases studied that they can protect much more than that. Technically, in the eyes of the law, only a tangible body of work can by protected by these rights. However, as this study has shown, in certain rare cases, these rights can be manipulated to encompass, not only an artistââ¬â¢s work, but their identity, persona and artistic integrity when exploited. As made evident by the unusual Tom Waits lawsuit, it seems that advertising companies in particular must wade carefully when wishing to use unlicensed music for commercials. As their sole intention is for making money, they can be looked at very callously by court jury. Thus, certain unscrupulous can land in a lot of trouble despite not infringing on a copyrighted piece of work. Although situations such as this are quite unusual, they highlight the importance of copyright law within the music industry. References Graff, G Durchholz, D 1998, Musichound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink, Detroit * Jacobs, J. A 2000, ââ¬Å"Copyright: Tom waits Vs Frito Layâ⬠, viewed 04 January 2013, www. tomwaitsfan. com/tom%20waits%20library/www. tomwaitslibrary. com/copyright-fritolay. html * Los Angeles Times (1989), Bette Midler Loses Ford Sound-Alike Lawsuit : Celebrity: $10-million suit over TV car commercial is dismissed but action against the ad agency is allowed to stand, vie wed 06 January 2013, http://articles. atimes. com/1989-10-27/business/fi-901_1_bette-midler * Lurie, K. (1994) Waits v. Frito-Lay: The Song Remains the Same.. Cardozo Arts Ent. LJ, 13, 187. , Available at: http://heinonline. org/HOL/LandingPage? collection=journalshandle=hein. journals/caelj13div=26id=page= [Accessed: 6th January 2013]. * Neff, F. 2012, ââ¬Å"Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000; Introduction to Copyright Overview And Originality in Copyrightâ⬠, * Neff, F. 012, ââ¬Å"Authorship and Ownership of Copyright; Copyright and Related Acts 2000 Sections 21 to 23â⬠, * Roesler, M. (1992) Waits v. Frito Lay,. 978 F. 2d 1093 (9th Cir. 1992), Available at: http://www. markroesler. com/pdf/caselaw/Waits%20v. %20Frito-Lay%20Inc. %20_1992_. pdf [Accessed: 6th January 2013] * University of Missouri Kanas City School of Law (1992) Waits v. Frito Lay, Inc. United States Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit, Available at: http://law2. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/ communications/waits. html [Accessed: 4th January 2013]. How to cite Copyright Law Case Study, Free Case study samples debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-87016257087722969212020-05-02T14:50:00.001-07:002020-05-02T14:50:04.043-07:00AfroAmer Essay Example For Students AfroAmer Essay During my early years of school, I remember being taught white accomplishments and wondering if blacks and other people of color had made any significant contributions to todays world. I noticed that television consist of all white people. Throughout my research paper I hope to cover certain aspects of African American heritage. Aspects such as blacks making up the largest minority group in the United States, although Mexican-Americans are rapidly changing that. The contributions blacks have provided to our country are immeasurable. Unfortunately though rather than recognizing these contributions, white America would rather focus on oppressing and degrading these people. As a consequence American society instinctively associated white with light and all good things; while black is associated with darkness or evil. The journey to freedom for African Americans all started in 1619 when the first twenty African slaves were brought to Jamestown to serve a land not familiar with, in order to please wealthy white settlers. For the next 150 years, Africans were uprooted from their homeland and shipped across the Atlantic ocean to the United States to be sold as if they were property in America. The majority of these slaves were imported between 1741 and 1810. By 1790 blacks made up over 19% of the U.S. population. Although slaves had different cultural backgrounds, they all shared a common way of looking at the world. The degradation and brutality of slavery caused these different tribal groups to seek out common cultural ground in order to survive the horrible experience of slavery. The common ground that slaves endured revolved around kinship and the idea of stoicism. The idea of stoicism may be a result of harsh physical conditions in Africa. Kinship was by far the most important element in the African culture. Individuality was not stressed but rather the importance of the extended family. I believe that African Americans suffering through the hardships of slavery strengthened the idea of kinship even further. The unity of the African culture became strong due to a series of trials and tribulations. The majority of the slaves were employed in agricultural areas in the South. By the mid-19th century, a large number of slaves worked in urban areas as well, and about 5% worked in more industrial occupations. The hours of the slave workers were long. The average life expectancy of African slaves was at least 12% lower than whit Americans in 1850 and the infant mortality rate was 25% higher for slaves. Oftentimes slave marriages and families dissolved due to separation. This concept is horrible when you take under consideration that family was the entire basis of African culture. Although frequent separation occurred slaves were very careful to pass on the surnames of their black family of origin to their children. Kinship again is an importance in African society. Although the first steps towards in improvements for African-American culture began in the North, social and economic conditions didnt improve much at all. The racial attitudes of whites were still obvious among the white society. Laws banning interracial marriage and voting among free blacks accompanied every northern state emancipation. These laws were supposedly designed to prevent mass migration of southern blacks to the North. Race relations did, however, improve in the North after the CivilWar. Even though this was the case Northern blacks had no political nor economic base to begin their struggle for equality and self-actualization. The one aspect of African-Americans lives that were in their hands was religion. This was utilized to unit the blacks in America during the ant-baalim period. There was a great black exodus from white churches that went on for thirty years. Blacks to create unity throughout the African-American culture created churches. The style of sermon within t hese churches reflected the call-response patternsof traditional African-American music. These churches were responses of alienation segregation from white churches. It was leaders of these churches who provided the majority of leadership in the South after the Civil War. The organization of campaigns and boycotts against segregated public schools and public facilities began. The laws passed were very easy to evade. In 1896, Plessy vs. Ferguson fully legalized segregation using the phrase separate but equal for justification. However separate was never equal in this case. Thus American apartheid continued. Math Perceptions of Taiwanese and American childrenSix months after the Brown decision, on December1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, exhausted after along workday, refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man. Her arrest sparked the year long Montgomery buses boycott. The next decade involved an increased violent protest. This era became known as the Civil Rights Movement. The early 1960s involve sit-in demonstrations, freedom rides, and mass street demonstrations. White society as well as traditional black leaders realized it was a time for change. The leaders of the movement broke away from the traditional leadership tactics. The masses of people involved showed that changes needed to come that effected Black America as a whole. In 1957, less than 40 years ago, under the leadership of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was organized. Dr. King encouraged non-violent direct action. However, these non-violent protests often ended in violence behind the hands of white police officers. Anything from tear gas or water hoses were used on African-Americans. These people who were not only black but also whites were treated like animals. Believe it or not this occurred 40 years ago. In 1947 President Eisenhower reluctantly federalized the National Guard to enforce desegregation in the schools. White Southerners did everything in their power to prevent desegregation. By 1964 a decade after the Brown decision, less than 2% of southern blacks attended integrated schools, which was only 30 years ago. Throughout The Civil Rights Movement in the 60s, individuals repeatedly disobeyed laws that violated the civil rights of blacks. Civil disobedience peaked during the summer of 1963. Protesters filled southern jails. A nonviolent march to our nations capitol involved approximately 200,000 whites and blacks protesting the violation of civil rights of blacks. The next two summers President Johnson legalized two more civil ri ghts bills. These bills opened up public facilities and voting booths to blacks for the first time since the 1890s. Along with these achievements came increased violence. On June 12, 1963 the leader of the NAACP, Midgar Evers, was assassinated outside his home. Riots in Harlem in 1964, Watts in 1965, Cleveland in 1967, and Detroit in 1968 were all reactions to frustrations of oppressed black people. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination on April 4, 1968 caused an eruption of violence in a number of cities. The majority of all the riots took place in northern cities. In the South the movement was easier accepted because the gain of southern blacks overshadowed the deaths. These were sacrifices that blacks unwillfully gave. The conditions in the North werent as bad so they viewed the martyrs as needless deaths for African-Americans, which further heightened frustration. Although the mid-1960s brought about extreme violence and tragedy, it also brought about steep progress as a who le. Between 1964 and 1968 there was an 85% increase in black college enrollment. In 1974 a survey showed that the majority of black children (50% in the South, 66% in the North), still attend predominantly black schools. This segregation in school also caused residential segregation. There has definitely been progress being made but there was, and still is a very long way to go before equality can be achieved. The ignorance is still on the back burner; we need to completely get rid of it. White society has a difficulty accepting African-American culture. Its difficult for many whites to see the beauty of African-American culture because they are too busy trying to fabricate justifications for inferiority of blacks. Mutual respect is without a doubt essential before equality can be achieved. The white ideas that have so long haunted Black America hopefully will completely disappear in the near future. But after seeing movies like the one you showed on the Ku Klux Klan it is going to be hard to completely throw prejudice away. There are far too many ignorant people in todays society, I just pray that our next generations will understand equality. Bibliography:Lefton, Lester A. (1994). Sociology. Needham Heights, MAAllyn and Bacon. 96-150 debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-6090209711180759362020-03-23T16:09:00.001-07:002020-03-23T16:09:02.004-07:00Fiber Optics Essays - Optical Fiber, Fiber Optics, Fiber Optics Fiber optics is a branch of optics concerning the transmission of light by means of optical fibers, which are thin strands of glass or other optically transparent materials. Optical fibers can be used to guide light--which is electromagnetic radiation in a certain frequency range--in much the same way that metal wave guides or coaxial cables can be used to guide lower-frequency electromagnetic radiation. Optical Fiber An optical fiber is usually circular in cross section and consists of a core and cladding. An optical fiber for communication applications is typically between about 0.1 and 0.2mm (0.004 and 0.008 in) in diameter. In order that the light waves be guided by the fiber, the core must have a higher index of refraction than the cladding. One such fiber is called a step-index fiber because the index changes abruptly at the interface between the core and the cladding. An important variation of this structure is the graded-index fiber, so called because the index of refraction decreases smoothly outward from the center with no abrupt step. Transmission of Light In the step-index fiber, the light wave is guided by a process called total internal reflection. Only rays that have an angle of incidence at the core-cladding interface greater than the critical angle will be reflected back into the core and thus guided by the fiber. Some rays follow a longer path through the fiber than do others. Thus a pulse of energy entering the fiber undergoes dispersion. This effect limits the bandwidth of the fiber and reduces the amount of information it can transmit. This undesirable feature can be partly overcome by the use of graded-index fibers of proper design. Applications Fiber optics is used in several areas of telecommunications. Advantages of optical fibers include their wide bandwidth, low attenuation, lightness, small cross section, and non-conductivity of electricity. In telephone systems they can provide communication channels to customers and wideband facilities for interconnecting switching offices. Because they are non-conducting, they can be used to provide telecommunications services to locations in electrically hostile environments, such as electric power stations. Because they are completely immune to induced currents from external electromagnetic fields, optical fibers are also useful in environments where electrical noise exists, such as hospitals and factories. Finally, their lightness makes them attractive for use in aircraft and spacecraft as well as in portable communications systems required for tactical military applications. All these properties make them desirable for interconnecting computers and other sophisticated electronic equipment. In communication-system applications, individual fibers usually are used to guide light waves. Other applications employ bundles of fibers. One such application is the transmission of light for illumination. Fibers used for this purpose need not have the cladding or the index gradient of single-fiber light guides because the index step at the glass-air interface serves to guide the light. Another application of fiber bundles is the transmission of images. For this application the fibers must be arranged in the bundle in a coherent fashion. By arranging the locations of the fibers at one end (the output) of the bundle in certain ways with respect to their location at the other end (the input), such functions as magnification, inversion, rotation, distortion, and scrambling of the image can be performed. Bundles of this type can be used for viewing otherwise inaccessible areas, an example being the physician's endoscope. In order to achieve high resolution, fibers with diameters as small as 0.02 mm (0.0008 in) are used in these applications. Fiber bundles are also used in photography, spectroscopy, and image processing. debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-6041725993337465882020-03-06T04:18:00.001-08:002020-03-06T04:18:03.561-08:00Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared EssaysEducation System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essays Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essay Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essay Essay Topic: Education TASK Write a well documented paper on the education system with specific reference to: brief background, aims/goals of education,thestructureoftheeducation system, administration, financing,teachingprofession,challengesand lessons Kenya would learn or borrow. Choose one of these countries Nigeria, Australia, Canada, or China. Background of Nigeria Education Nigeria education has evolved through a number of phases. The education system in Nigeria has been formed by a number of influences, the colonial influence, the influence of the military rule in Nigeria and then the impact of independence and a new constitution. The progress of education in the southern states of Nigeria reveals the involvement of the Christian missionaries towards the education system in Nigeria during the colonial period. Nigeria education was slowly but soundly developing during the colonial time until the conclusion of World War II. The Christian missionaries introduced the western education system in Nigeria in the mid nineteenth century. Three fundamentally distinct education systems existed in Nigeria in 1990. They were, the indigenous system, the Quranic schools, and formal European-style educational institutions. Higher Education in Nigeria originated with the colonial government launching the Yaba higher college. Education in Nigeria became the responsibility of the state and local councils according to the 1979 constitution. First six years of primary education was made mandatory, which was a significant factor in the development of education in Nigeria. There has been a noticeable upgrading of educational facilities in Nigeria in the latest years. The apparent rate for adult illiteracy in the year 2000 is 35.9%. The Structure of Nigeria Education System The local and state governments manage primary and secondary education in Nigeria. Higher education is the responsibility of both the federal and the state governments. Education is free but not compulsory at present in Nigeria. The formal education system includes six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four years of university education consequently directing towards a bachelors level degree in the majority of the subjects. The annual term of school in Nigeria stretch through ten months, and is sectioned into three ten to twelve weeks periods each at the pre-primary, primary, junior and senior secondary stages. Nigeria Education includes a significant stage of language education. Primary education in Nigeria starts in the native language but brings in English in the third year. Administration and Organization of Education System The current administrative system is divided into the Federal Capital Territory and 36 states. The management of education in Nigeria is based on this federal system, so that while basic educational policy regarding structure, curriculum and school year is centrally determined, some powers over educational delivery are devolved to state and local government. In effect, education is administered by three branches of government: primary education is under the control of local governments, secondary schools fall under the jurisdiction of the state government and higher education is administered by both the federal and state government. Administrative Bodies and Agencies * The Federal Ministry of Education, through the National Council of Education (NCE), coordinates education policies and procedures through the federation. * The Joint Consultative Committee (JCC) is an independent body of professional educators acting in an advisory capacity to both the federal and state ministries of education, universities, institutes of education and other education agencies. * The National Universities Commission (NUC) operates under the Federal Ministry of Education and is mandated to approve programmes, to monitor universities and to accredit programmes. The NUC provides a full listing of recognised federal, state and private universities in Nigeria. * The National Examinations Council?à (NECO) is responsible for conducting the Junior and Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE), as is the West African Examination Council (WAEC). * The National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEB) conducts the National Technical Certificate (NTC)/National Business Certificate (NBC) examinations, as well as the advanced level versions of these exams in a number of trades/discipline such as engineering and construction. * The National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) has responsibility for the establishment of minimum standards in polytechnics, technical colleges and other technical institutions in the Federation. In addition to providing standardised minimum guide curricula for technical and vocational education and training. The NBTE supervises and regulates, through an accreditation process, the programmes offered by technical institutions at secondary and post-secondary levels. It is also involved with the funding of polytechnics owned by the Government of the Federation of Nigeria. The NBTE provides a full listing of approved polytechnics and technical colleges in Nigeria. * The National Commission for Colleges and Education co-ordinates all aspects of non-degree teacher education in Nigeria. * The Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) conducts the Matriculation Examination for entry into all universities, polytechnics and colleges of education in Nigeria. * The National Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) was established in 1972 to encourage, promote and coordinate educational research programmes in Nigeria. This agency provides significant data on educational problems within Nigeria and its work underpins the reform agenda nationally. The Federal Ministry of Education owns and runs universities, polytechnics, technical colleges, colleges of education and secondary schools. The remaining tertiary institutions are owned and funded by state governments, while other secondary schools are owned and funded by state governments, communities and private organizations.The administration and management of state government-owned secondary schools falls under the remit of state Ministries of Education. The administration of public primary schools falls under the local education authorities. Aims/Goals of Education in Nigeria The purpose of education refers to the aims, goals and objectives of education. Abimbola (1993), while clarifying curriculum aims, goals and objectives, cited Zais (1976) who proposed the use of purposes as targets because he, (Zais) is of the opinion that aims, goals and objectives are purposes at differing target distances and levels of specifity. Aims are the expression of purpose at the highest level such as the national level which can only be achieved in a distant future after the child has passed out of school. Aims according to Broudy (1971), are statements that describe expected life outcomes based on some value schemes either consciously or unconsciously borrowed from philosophy (p. 306). Aims are not related directly to school or classroom outcomes. Goals and Objectives are educational purposes directly related to school and classroom outcomes respectively. Goals are expression of purposes specified for achievement at each level of education. When the purpose of education for a country is being discussed, the term aim of education may be used. Purpose of Education in Nigeria The purpose of education in Nigeria includes unparalleled development of science and its application to industry and technology for better living. The National Policy on Education spells out the purpose of Education in Nigeria as an Instrument par excellence for effecting national development; to use education as a tool to achieve its national objectives; to make such education relevant to the needs of the individual and set its goal in terms of the kind of society desired in relation to the environment and realities of the modern world and rapid social changes (p. iv).In section 1, (p. 7) of the National Policy on Education,the observation is made that since the national policy on education is geared toward achieving that part of its national objectives that can be achieved using education as a tool, no policy on education ban be formulated without first identifying the whole philosophy and objectives of the nation. Reference is therefore made to the five main national objectives of Nigeria already stated in the National Development plan and endorsed as the necessary foundation for the National Policy on Education. These are the building of: a free and democratic society; a just and egalitarian society; a united, strong and self-reliant nation;a great and dynamic economy and a land of bright and full opportunities for citizens The implication of this is that the Nigeria Philosophy of Education according to Adeyinka (1992) is based on: The integration of the individual into a sound and effective citizen; and Equal education opportunities at all levels, both within and outside the formal school system. For the philosophy to be in harmony with Nigerias national objective, it has to be geared towards the values, aims and objectives stated at the National curriculum conference of 1969 and specifically stated in the National Policy on Education as the General Objectives of Education in Nigeria which are as follows: (a) The inculcation of the right type of values and attitudes for the survival of the individual and of society. This is an objective which can concern mainly the affective domain; (b) The inculcation of national consciousness and national unity. This is also an objective mainly in the affective domain; (c) The training of the mind in the understanding of the world around. This is aimed at developing the intellectual aspect of human beings. (d) The acquisition of appropriate skills, abilities and competencies both mental and physical as equipment for the individual to live and contribute to the development of his society. This objective is aimed at developing the intellectual, affective and psychomotor domains of human nature simultaneously. This is why education should be seen as aiming to develop all aspects of human persons simultaneously. Aims of Education in Nigeria Nigeria has been classified over the years among the developing nations of the world. That is, among those nations that are not as technologically advanced as Europe, United States of America and the Russia. These Countries are known to be largely illiterate and poor. They lack medical facilities especially when compared with the technologically advanced countries. The aims of education in these countries will be how to eradicate these problems. The aim of education in developing countries has been summarized by Adeyinka and Kolawde (1995) as follows: 1. Learning to live according to the old traditions of the people (society). 2. Learning to live according to the traditions of other countries in order to imbibe their religion, their culture and their social life. 3.Learning to live modern life of technologically advanced countries. Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Kenya and Lesotho, all in Africa, have a common trend. All of them were colonies under European countries which became independent after serving their masters for a number of years. These countries and some others have been striving for a stable government, dynamic economy and education that can deliver the goods. This is the root of the aims of education in developing countries stated below: 1. To promote national unity and international understanding; 2. To remove social inequalities, poverty, high-way robbery, hunger, diseases, squalor; illiteracy, ignorance, superstition, pride and fear; 3. To provide individual happiness and pleasure, self- realization, public morality and aesthetic development; 4. To train for good citizenship, health improvement, vocational competence, industrial and commercial developments and adult literacy; 5. To produce adequate manpower for economic development so that there could be less dependence on expatriates; 6. To create a society with high moral standards; 7. To eradicate the problem of economic and technological dependence on the advanced countries of the world; and 8. To promote public enlightenment and civilized behavior. (Adeyinka, et al; 1995) Financing of Education in Nigeria Financing of basic education All three tiers of governmentâ⬠federal, state, and localâ⬠fund primary education. Federal and state governments: Capital expenditures (buildings, books, and furniture) come from the federal and state governmentsâ⠢ share of the Federation Account.The Federation Account holds all federally collected revenues. The funds are divided among the three tiers of government according to a formula determined by the NationalAssembly. Some of the funds in this account accrue from government-owned mineral resources, a set percentage (13%) of which is returned to the states, apportioned on the basis of the statesâ⠢ original contributions. Thereafter, 15% of VAT revenues are distributed to the federal government, 50% to state governments, and 35% to local governments. Of the funds remaining within the Federation Account, 54.7% goes to the federal government, 24.7% to state governments, and 20.6% to local governments.State governments also pay the recurrent costs for managing State Primary Education Boards (SPEBs), Local Government Education Authorities (LGEAs), and primary schools. Local governments: The local governmentsâ⠢ 20.6% share of the Federation Account results in two types of local funding for education. First, at the state level, a percentage of the local share (a first charge) is set aside for primary school teachersâ⠢ salaries and allowances. Local governments may then use a part of what remains for direct assistance to primary schools. They also contribute own-source revenues to primary education. Financing Higher Education. Higher education relates to all forms of post-secondary education such as the Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Education, Monotechnics and Professional schools (Abdu 2003). Oghenekohwo (2004) classified the funding of higher education into two regimes namely: Pre-deregulation regime Deregulation regime In the pre-deregulation regime, higher education funding in Nigeria was done by government or public funding alone. High priority was accorded to funding higher education, thereby creating a wrong impression amongst Nigerians that funding of higher education is the exclusive preserve of governments. On the other hand in the deregulation regime, which is mostly a post Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) inevitability, things began to change. The benefits of the acquisition of any higher education programme now went largely to the individual as a private good for which beneficiaries and their families should pay.In the submission of Okebukola (2003), he noted that an additional concomitant of the private good is that, grants have been changed to loans, pacing major burdens on many university graduates. The financing of education should be the function of all the major stakeholders. This is because government alone cannot fund higher education. There are many stakeholders involved in the success of any educational system. The major stakeholders include the governments, educational institutions, parents/guardians and the private sector that employs the output of these institutions. Others include the students and the society in general. In private institutions, the incidence lies mostly on the individual while for the public sector ownership it lays on the public sector. The benefits of higher education should be identified. Some studies argued that education service should be above market forces and therefore should be provided free meaning that government should bear the cost of education so that the poor in the society can also get education. Other studies believed that not all levels of education ensures equity but rather there is higher private returns in higher education and as such individuals should be made to bear the cost of their higher education (Psacharopolous, 1996), while funding by the government should be limited to the basic education alone. Teaching Profession in Nigeria. In the past, to teach in primary school a person needed a Teacher Certificate Grade II (TCGDII) from four years of secondary school at a Grade II Teacher-training college. These were phased out after 1998, when the Nigerian Certificate of Education (NCE) became the required diploma for all primary and junior secondary school teachers. In 1996, out of approximately 420,000 primary school teachers in the country, about 80 percent had either the NCE or TCGDII (equally divided between the two). The government created the National Teachers Institute (NTI) in 1978 to conduct programs that would upgrade teacher qualifications to the NCE level, with most of this training carried out by distance learning. Between 1993 and 1996, the NTI graduated 34,486 in their NCE distance learning programs. In 2000, it trained 20,000 teachers. A Bachelor of Education program with NTI received approval by the government at the end of 2000. NTI also conducts workshops and conferences on curriculum development and in other areas of teacher training. To teach in senior secondary schools a person must have either a bachelors degree in education or a bachelors degree in a subject field combined with a postgraduate diploma in education. The faculty in senior secondary schools are among the best qualified in the country, almost all holding bachelors degree. A few teachers possess the NCE. The bachelors degree programs in education are offered at major teacher universities. Of the 63 colleges of education offering the three-year NCE program, about a third are owned by the federal government, and about half by state governments. The remaining are privately owned. All are under the supervision of the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE), which sets and maintains standards and approves of courses and programs for all universities in Nigeria. To teach at Nigerian universities, teachers must have qualifications that are similar to professors at U.S. and European universities, usually a doctorate. At the university level, the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) represents university faculty, and the Senior Staff Association of Nigerian Universities (SSANU) bargains for the senior non-academic workers. The Academic Staff Unions of Polytechnics (ASUP) represents polytechnic faculty members. These unions are very active. The major teacher organization representing primary and secondary school teachers is the Nigeria Union of Teachers. Although it is very active, NUT has been unable to change the unsatisfactory conditions under which teachers work. Another major concern of teachers is salary. Not only is payment often incomplete, but the salaries are low. Salaries are set by the local, state, and federal governments, depending on which level controls the institution.. Challenges of Education in Nigeria Education is the bedrock of development. But unfortunately education in Nigeria is bisected with myriads of problems. These include: Poor Preparation and Malpractices: Experts in the education sector have been able to identify examination malpractices with poor preparation of students for an examination, and lack of self confidence. In view of the rising costs of education students and even their parents will not ordinarily want to be held back by any form of deficit or failure in any of the required subjects hence will go to any length to ensure success.In some cases, some teachers at the secondary school level are involved by way of encouraging students to contribute money in order to secure the needed assistance during such examinations because they, the teachers are left with no other alternative considering the fact that they are aware of the inadequate preparation of their students as well as the lack of facilities to get them properly prepared before examination. Exploitation and Educational Standard:A close assessment of activities in schools have revealed that, students are made to suffer undue amount of exploitation by school heads at both private and public schools in the name of enrolment fees and assurance of success in their examination and this they do in collaboration with the ministry officials who are suppose to inspect and monitor activities in schools to ensure standard compliance. Despite the fact that most of the schools lack basic learning facilities and a complete set of teachers. In like manner, students are being surcharged in a number of ways in tertiary institutions either in the name of dues that are not accounted for, force purchase of reading and other learning materials at exorbitant rate or on services of which staff are being paid for as assigned responsibility and official provision made by the respective institution. All these lead to lowering of the academic ability of students. Orientation and Educational Standard: In view of the prevalence of examination malpractices and other related irregularities in schools at all levels this day, the interest and habit of reading, procurement of books and other skills development materials has drastically dwindled among a number of students. This trend is also observed to have close relationship with rising sexual promiscuity among students. Poor Parenting /Guidance Parenting, entails caring, protection,guidance, provision of basic needs for a child up keep in order for him or her to be properly equipped to meet with the challenges of life, in accordance with the laws of the land. In desperation, many parents have decided to bring in additional innovation by way of not only involve in encouraging, but also finance activities in and around examination venues to effect malpractices in order to brighten the chances of their children or wards in qualifying examination to higher institutions and some even progress on this act through the tertiary level of education. Poverty and Fall in Standard: Acquisition of Education knowledge is supposed to help us fight against-poverty, ignorance and disease. The process of acquiring this well desired knowledge has gradually turned money spinning venture for many of those in dire need of the knowledge and skill. It is now a source of exploitation from the service seekers with little or no consideration for quality of service rendered and facilities on ground, and made an offer for the highest bidder. A trend which has cut across all levels of education, from nursery school to tertiary institutions. The concept, poverty, refers to a situation and process of serious deprivation or lack of resources and materials necessary for living within a minimum standard conducive for human dignity and well being (NEST, 1992: 16). Admission and being in school today is merely an ability to pay what is demanded in monetary terms by school operators and not on what could be offered academically. And this in essence widens t he scope of poverty prevalence as well as the gap between the rich and the poor which education is designed to bridge. Little wonder why graduates from many of the institutions exhibits ignorance towards societal realities and lack of creativity, due to the inadequacies associated with the learning and training process which is also observed to be partly because many of those that offer this service do so with greed. The Need for Research Development: This research sub-sector that is grossly neglected in Nigeria and play upon indiscriminately is the basis for the socio economic, political, scientific and technological advancement of our most admired developed nations of the world today. Therefore, conscious effort towards qualitative and durable educational system needs to be put in place for posterity in Nigeria. Funding /Constrains: The gross under funding of the educational sector in the country in general and the neglect of the maintenance of the physical facilities. Instructional and living conditions have deteriorated in many of these schools, classrooms, libraries and laboratories are nothing to write home about, all leading to decline in academic standards. Attention must be focused on these areas too if these educational institution are to get out of the woods and this is only possible through adequate funding. Since 1986 when the federal military government introduced the structural adjustment programme SAP, allocation of financial resource started to fall coupled with the consistent decline in the value of local currency till date. Which have also consistently affected the procurement of imported technical and scientific equipments, books, journals and other instructional needs in the educational system. Education system in Nigeria today, needs a total overhauling and restructuring, this reform is required to improve the performance of higher education in the country, the nation entered the 21st century insufficiently prepared to cope or compete in the global economy, where growth will be based even more heavily on technical and scientific knowledge (World Bank 1994). It is also a well known fact that the inadequacies always observed among many undergraduates and graduates alike is as a result of the inadequacies associated with the primary and the secondary education system in Nigeria. Though, the system is expensive to keep afloat, quality however in any form is partly a function of the total fund made available to the system and judiciously utilized for the purpose to which it is meant for. Funds are required and necessary to maintain both the human and material resources of the system in order to achieve desired goals. Also there is the need for an effective monitoring of the management of fund presently being allocated to the sector, as effort should be intensify to improve on what is currently being allocated to the system. Organizational Influence on Educational Standard Many viewers have observed that, most corporate organizations today in the country are fond of employing series of measures which are in effect bias and unproductive. They indulge in an unfair selective judgment on applicants seeking employment opportunity into their establishment, by way of using certificate grades as well as institution attended as prerequisites for interview attendance and recruitment. In some cases, they rather prefer candidates with first class and second class grade certificate and those that attended the first generation universities at the detriment of some others with lesser grade who might be better if given equal opportunity. This is their own way of encouraging irregularities and malpractices in the process of grade acquisition by prospective job seekers, therefore compromising standard and perpetual dependence on the services of foreign expatriates for both medium and high tech services. Lessons for Kenya. It has been said that the criteria for assessing any educational system are: the curriculum of study, the state of infrastructural facilities, the quality of students, the quality and quantity of staff, the competence of leadership, the level of funding and the direction and consistency of policy. In the area of curriculum and policy in Nigeria, the main problem is not with formulation as such but implementation. The implementation of laudable policies has often been hampered by incessant change of government, unstable academic calendars, poor and inadequate facilities, lack of motivation for staff, insecurity of life and property and the unwillingness of the products to make positive contribution to society. In this, Kenya can learn the importance of consistency in implementation of education policies despite changes in political leadership. Also the importance of proper motivation of teachers to ensure efficient and effective curriculum implementation. Failure to adhere to effective curriculum implementation may lead Kenya the Nigerian way i.e. the Nigerian system churns out a morally decadent and intellectually inept child who is a threat to both parents and society. The Nigerian youth are yet to imbibe the right type of values and attitudes. Rather, Nigerian schools and campuses have become breeding grounds for cultism, gangsterism, hooliganism, armed robbery, sexual promiscuity, examination malpractices, and a host of other vices. Instead of producing pragmatic and altruistic students, the Nigerian educational system churns out students who are egoistic, individualistic and escapists who are not interested in solving societys problems. In Nigeria, another area of serious decline is that of staffing. Time has gone when teachers were the best both in character and learning. What we have today is a pathetic story of pathetic teachers producing pathetic citizens. Kenya can learn the critical need of proper vetting of teachers to weed out rogue teachers before they teach wrong doctrine by bad example. A body to do the same needs to be put in place as the TSC seems overwhelmed by its broad mandate. Teacher qualification is another area Kenya can borrow from Nigeria. While in Kenya people with a teaching certificate teach in primary schools, Nigeria is moving to diploma holders at this level. Their tactic of systematic neglect has turned Nigerian educational institutions to an arena of the absurd. Apart from under-paying teachers (which had led to massive brain-drain), the money allocated to education falls kilometers short of the UNESCO recommended 25% of annual budget. The Kenyan primary free education concept can learn the importance of proper funding and the need to follow up to ensure the money ends up in the right use failure to which the poor state of infrastructure and consequent poor performance in public institutions will persist. With the coming into being of county governments in Kenya, the system of financing lower cadres of the education system can be adopted from Nigeria so that the central government concentrates on the higher levels of education financing. Bibliography Abimbola (1993) Guiding Philosophical perspectives U.M.O Ivowi, (Ed.) Curriculum development in Nigeria, (pp. 4-16) Ibadan: Sam Bookman Educational And Communication Services. Zais, R.S. (1976). Curriculum: Principles and foundations. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. Inc. Broudy, H.S. (1971). The philosophical foundations of educational objectives. In M. Levit (Ed.) Curriculum: Reading in philosophy of education. University of Illinois Press. Adeyinka, A.A. (1992). Book of reading in educational theory and practice in A. Akinyemi, (Ed.) llorin:Institute of Education, University of llorin, llorin, Nigeria Adeyinka, A.A. Kolawole D. (1995). History and philosophy of education. Unpublished Manuscript, Available for the Department of Education Foundations University of llorin, llorin, Nigeria. Abdu, P.S (2003) The Cost and Finance of Education in Nigeria Education Today Quarterly; June, Vol. 10 (1); 12 ââ¬Å" 16 Oghenekohwo, J.E. (2004) Deregulation Policy and Its Implication of the Funding of the University Education in Nigeria in Journal of Research ion Education, Jan June Vol 3 (1) Pg 204-224. Okebukola, P (2003) Issues in Funding University Education in Nigeria. NUC Monograph Series, Abuja, MUC. Psacharopoulos, G. (1984) The Contribution of Education to Economic Growth International Comparisons in J. Kendrick (ed) International Productivity Comparisons and Cause of the Showdown. Cambridge Mass: Ballenger Aina, A.T. and A. T. Salau.1992. The challenge of sustainable Development in Nigeria. Nigerian Environment Study/Action Team (NEST). An NGO report prepared for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, June 1-12, p. 8, 16. World Bank (1994). Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience. Washington D.C: The World Bank. Online sources rti.org/pubs/Financing_Education_Nigeria.pdf accessed on 26th January 2011 mapsofworld.com/nigeria/education/ accessed on 26th January 2011 debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-18725659623232237482020-02-18T19:42:00.001-08:002020-02-18T19:42:02.860-08:003 stories for research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words3 stories for - Research Paper Example Johnson with her ââ¬Å"White Trash Primerâ⬠which is a sad stereotypical portrayal of poor white people. Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1961) wrote a number of remarkable novels that had sharp and vivid portrayals of scenes and unforgettable characterizations of the main characters in his short stories and novels. A few of these novels stood out such as ââ¬Å"The Sun Also Risesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"For Whom the Bell Tollsâ⬠as classic examples of his unique sparse writing style accentuated with his trademark understatement. Among his other memorable works are ââ¬Å"The Old Man and the Seaâ⬠and ââ¬Å"A Farewell to Armsâ⬠that ensured his reputation and legacy as a foremost writer of the twentieth century. Many writers imitated his writing style of spare dialog, vivid characterizations, a preference for understatement, and wise use of simple prose that won for him the much-coveted Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. Fiction was his favorite genre but his writings have a strong resemblance to reality because he had chosen to write mainly from his own experiences in life. If he wrote it, he had also done it before. Hemingway was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. He was barely out of high school when he applied for work in a newspaper. This job as a journalist honed and sharpened his writing style of brevity and mastery of details and facts about a story. He soon joined in the First World War as an ambulance driver and at various times during the war also reported the wartime events as a war correspondent. After the war, he became a foreign correspondent of various newspapers and acquired varied experiences while filing his news stories. He had been married four times, went on a safari to Africa where he met accidents twice, and later on suffered from various ailments as a result of those accidents and a lifestyle of drinking and smoking. He was depressed, paranoid, hypertensive, and committed suicide in debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-23445283305843588922020-02-04T00:12:00.001-08:002020-02-04T00:12:04.179-08:00Campaign rhetoric Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsCampaign rhetoric - Coursework Example It cuts across various age brackets but the young generation is at greater risk of extinction from the vice. The private-public partnership has innovated various ways of sensitizing the society against the problem. In the poster below, the timeline of a smoker is measured against the length of time one smoked. In essence, the poster offers an intriguing scenario where victims of smoke apparently reduce their life span by estimated 14 minutes for every cigarette stick. This poster is relevant in the college set up where it serves to address the rising trend of young people smoking. Besides, the female victims face even a greater risk due to their reproductive role. The mode of presentation of this message constitute visual picture and text message which seek to assert the health related risk of continuous smoking. The campaign offers an insight into the relevance of rhetoric tools when it comes to creation of posters. Media always applies such techniques to enhance the conveyance of the message and yield significant response. (http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://m1.behance.net/rendition/modules/20170961/disp/df7b4174062b5f5a9b4ff91e6d84ad05.jpg&imgrefurl=https://www.behance.net/gallery/2679779/Anti-Smoking-Campaign&h=400&w=600&tbnid=H5OXbx8KHqOIVM:&zoom=1&docid=_s6R0tGQjuQxaM&ei=Lbu9VKyEJ8HR7Qb5-YAo&tbm=isch&ved=0CDkQMygCMAI) The poster has a wide scope of rhetoric elements. In the first instance, the picture of a smoke makes it obvious that the problem under consideration is cigarette smoking. The measurement labeled against the sides of the cigarette conveys a message of how smoking gradually reduces the life of the victim. Basically the communicator is an expert in all facts surrounding smoking in the society. The audience targeted in this poster is the young people who still have more years of productivity if only they can shun smoking. The target audience is clearly evident in the message that accompanies the debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-61995203567320559772020-01-26T20:34:00.001-08:002020-01-26T20:34:04.828-08:00Change and Conflict Management in NursingChange and Conflict Management in Nursing Jon Teegardin Change and Conflict Change and conflict occur in all aspects of our society. In nursing, it is important to identify and embrace change, address and resolve conflict, and do so in an effective and efficient manner. This paper will present descriptions of change theories, conflict theories, and how a nurseââ¬â¢s ability to handle both can enhance or hinder effective leadership. Additionally, the leader as a change agent will be discussed. Change Theories While there are numerous theories of change that exist, in the profession of nursing there are three main theories that are consistently seen throughout the healthcare industry. These theories are Lewins theory of change, Rogers change theory, and Spradleyââ¬â¢s change theory. Lewins change theory Probably the most recognizable theory of change is that presented by Kurt Lewin. His theory involves three stages to change: unfreezing, moving, and refreezing (Stolley, 2005). Two forces are present in this theory, the driving force, or those pushing for a particular change, and the resistant force, those who are resistant to the change. For change to occur the driving force or agents for change, must be stronger than the resistant force. In the unfreezing stage, the driving force develops a method that allows people to let go of the current, unproductive way of doing something. By finding this method, individual resistance to the change is overcome. In the moving phase, individuals are encouraged to change their way of thinking, feeling, or behavior to the new method. Finally, in the refreezing stage, this change becomes the new habit and ultimately the standard operating procedure. Lewins theory is also referred to as the force field theory that states an organization attempts to maintain a state of equilibrium between change forces and restraining forces (Swanson, Creed, 2014). Change agents are the forces for change and must overcome the restraining forces to make the change successful. Rogers change theory Everette Rogersââ¬â¢s theory is a modification of Lewins change theory and involves five stages. The stages are awareness, interest, evaluation, implementation and adoption (Boston University School of Health, 2013). Rogerââ¬â¢s theory is typically applied to long term projects. In the awareness stage, individuals are exposed to the new idea or process but lack all of the information about it. In the interest stage, the individual is interested in the new idea and seeks out additional information. The next stage is the evaluation stage where the individual determines how to apply the idea or process to their situation and decides whether or not they want to try it. The implementation stage occurs when the individual decides to make full use of the idea or process. Finally, in the adoption stage, the individual decides to continue to use the new idea or process. Rogerââ¬â¢s theory is an example of social cognitive theory. Change does not occur immediately among all those presented with the change. There are actually five groups of people that implement the change over time. These groups are innovators who are leaders that embrace the change immediately, early adopters who are also leaders but will follow innovators, the early majority who are the bulk of the followers, the late majority who include skeptics of the change, and finally laggards who are resistant to change (Kaminski, 2011). Spradleyââ¬â¢s change theory Spradleyââ¬â¢s change theory is also a derivative of Lewins theory of change that involves an eight step process. The difference in Spradleyââ¬â¢s theory is that it provides for constant evaluation of the change during implementation to ensure it is successful. The eight steps are recognition of a need for change, diagnosis of the problem, analysis of alternative solutions, selection of the change to be implemented, plan the change, implement the change, evaluate the implementation, and stabilize the change (Stolley, 2005). Spradleyââ¬â¢s theory also allows for the investigation of multiple alternatives to the problem. The change agent initiates the process by recognizing a problem, defining the problem, and developing different solutions to the problem. Throughout the process, there is the constant evaluation that improves the chances for implementing a relevant, and effective solution. Spradleyââ¬â¢s theory can be an instrument of social change (change from the bottom u p) or corporate change (from the top down). Conflict theories The constant change that nurses encounter in the healthcare industry causes conflict. There are four main conflict theories: organizational conflict theory, social conflict theory, social cognitive theory, and social exchange theory. Organizational conflict theory Organizational conflict theory identifies conflict on several levels. Interpersonal conflict is between workers in an organization. Conflict can also occur between departments within an organization. Finally, conflict can occur between organizations. Some conflict is considered healthy for the organization as it promotes creativity and ultimately, productivity (Deutsch, 2000). The key to management of this type of conflict is communication to manage the conflict and develop cooperative solutions. Social Conflict Theory This theory contends that conflict exists between people because individuals are motivated to act based on their own desires rather than the desires of others. This can be applied to classes of people. For example, social conflict theory says that the wealthy act to maintain their wealth, while the poor act to increase their wealth. Karl Marx is often cited as developing social conflict theory through his writings where he discussed the constant struggle between factory owners and factory workers during the industrial revolution in Europe (Segal, Smith, 2015). Social Cognitive Theory Social cognitive theory states that learning occurs in a social context and most learning is based on observations (Denler, Wolters, Benzon, 2014). It is also applied to classroom motivation and achievement. It states that people have an ability to influence their behavior and their environment in a manner that is in alignment with their goals. Social Exchange Theory Social exchange theory states that relationships have give and take, but the balance of these exchanges arenââ¬â¢t always equal (Changing Minds, 2014). This theory explains how we feel about a relationship based on our perception of what we put into the relationship versus what we get out of it, what kind of relationship we think we deserve, and whether we can have a better relationship with someone else. Handling Conflict It is important as a healthcare leader to quickly identify conflict and respond to it in a positive manner. The first step to resolving conflict is to recognize that conflict arises out of differences between individuals, departments, or organizations (Segal, Smith, 2015). Whether these differences are real or perceived, they are equally important to both parties. How a leader responds to conflict can either lead to a resolution, or create more conflict. Examples of unhealthy responses to conflict include: failure to recognize the importance of the details of the conflict, explosive, angry, or resentful reactions, inability to compromise, and fear or avoidance of conflict. These responses will erode the respect your subordinates have for you and hinder your ability to be a leader (Deutsch, 2000). Examples of healthy responses to conflict include calm and respectful reactions, a readiness to forgive and forget animosity related to the conflict and move forward without harboring feelings of resentment or anger, courage to face conflict head on, and seeking compromise while avoiding punishing. Leader as a change agent The nurse leader uses their power sources to act as a change agent. They must use their image of power to promote involvement of staff in the project to gain support and commitment (Daly, Speedy, Jackson, 2015). The nurse leader must demonstrate their knowledge and competency through their expert power. They must also use their connection power to communicate with others to relay the elements of change as well as receive feedback of opinions and doubts of others (Daly, Speedy, Jackson). Their use of referent power to gain the respect of others helps the nurse leader to persuade and motivate others to accept change as well. By approaching change in a positive manner, the nurse leader has the ability to gain support for the change among subordinates throughout the department and organization. Conclusion Conflict and change are ever present in the healthcare environment, due to the dynamic nature of the industry. The ability of the nurse leader to effectively promote change, while recognizing and resolving conflict among staff are critical skills that the successful leader must have. Recognizing that conflict and change are necessary to improve care and spark creativity is the important first step towards effectively managing both. References Boston University School of Health. (2013). Diffusion of Innovation Theory. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/SB/SB721-Models/SB721-Models4.html Changing Minds. (2014). Social Exchange Theory. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/social_exchange.htm Daly, J., Speedy, S., Jackson, D. (2015). Leadership nursing: Contemporary perspectives (2nd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. Denler, H., Wolters, C., Benzon, M. (2014). Social Cognitive Theory. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http://www.education.com/reference/article/social-cognitive-theory/ Deutsch, M. (2000). The handbook of conflict resolution theory and practice. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass. Kaminski, RN MSN PhD(c), J. (2011). Diffusion of Innovation Theory. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http://cjni.net/journal/?p=1444 Segal, Ph.D., J., Smith, M.A., M. (2015). Conflict Resolution Skills. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships/conflict-resolution-skills.htm Stolley, K. (2005). The basics of sociology. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Swanson, D., Creed, A. (2014). Sharpening the Focus of Force Field Analysis. Journal of Change Management, 14(1), 28-47. debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-6913224287726745232020-01-18T16:58:00.001-08:002020-01-18T16:58:04.598-08:00ââ¬ÅRhetorical Analysis of ââ¬ÅI Have a Dreamââ¬ÂIntroductionThe day of August 28, 1963 At the Lincoln Memorial 200,000 people gathered after the March on Washington. This is where Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his speech ââ¬Å"I Have a Dreamâ⬠to America. He spoke about the injustices of segregation and discrimination of African Americans that was taking place in our nation. In his first statement he said, ââ¬Å"I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.â⬠In this statement he has said what he was there to do.He is speaking out for freedom. This speech is one among few to demonstrate the freedom our nation was built upon. We are a nation of democracy and our nation was built on the fact that we have the right to ââ¬Å"alter and institute new governmentâ⬠(Congress). Dr. Martin Luther Kingââ¬â¢s speeches and demonstrations would provoke a change in the minds and hearts of the American people. He stood up and inspire d a nation into action with his words. With his speech he masterfully uses Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in his rhetoric to provide proof to all Americans that racism and segregation is not the intended foundation of America.EthosAs he delivered his speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial he analogizes Lincoln in his speech, ââ¬Å"Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the emancipation proclamation.â⬠(King) His use of Lincoln brought authority into his speech. Lincoln was a powerful and great president who empowered the American people throughout the civil war. He gained the trust of America and established a new sense of freedom. Martin Luther King is invoking the authority of Lincoln and his view on civil rights. This is providing a strong ethos appeal and establishing credibility with his audience.He also uses the Declaration of Independence to invoke authority in his cause. He quotes, ââ¬Ëââ¬Å"unalienable Rightsâ⬠of ââ¬Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit ofà happinessâ⬠ââ¬â¢ (Congress) (bible) his use of this quote is to use a supreme authority as being on his side. He is stating that the American government has neglected on the obligation to ALL of the American people. He is setting up his own credibility by tapping into authority of a great American and our constitution.PathosHis use of pathos is incredible as he strikes emotional values of both black and white people. His use of the bible causes an emotional response, ââ¬Ëââ¬Å"And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.â⬠(Isaiah) He is using the bible to provide a belief and faith in what he is saying is truth, and that all people will stand together.His use of metaphors throughout his speech is keeps his audience engaged in his fight for freedom, he states ââ¬Å"And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in t he American dream.â⬠(King) He uses the American dream to appeal to all Americans. He is saying that his dream is part of the American dream that we all deserve to have the freedom to dream.He also uses the appeal that he is a father and that he wants more for his children. ââ¬Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character.â⬠(King) This is allowing the listener to relate to him as a father and the aspirations we hold for our children. It provides a human appeal and uses pathos.LogosHe also uses logos in his analogies. When he states, ââ¬Å"America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked ââ¬Ëinsufficient funds.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (King) His analogy is using logic as a form of reasoning. He reasons is that everyone understands money and that the listener is able to relate to being handed a bad check.ConclusionMartin Lu ther Kingââ¬â¢s skillful and articulate use of rhetoric in his ââ¬Å"I have a Dreamâ⬠speech was a major turning point in American history and represented a firm stand for equal rights. He spoke out to confront the issues of racism in our nation. This speech was not the beginning or the ending, but a remarkable moment in the fight for equal rights of everyone. ââ¬Å"When all of Godââ¬â¢s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing,â⬠ââ¬Å"Free at last! Free at last!â⬠(King) debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-51941427781138131022020-01-10T13:22:00.001-08:002020-01-10T13:22:03.828-08:00Little GeminiDescribe your favorite food. You should say: What it tastes like When people eat it How it is made and explain why you like it. Describe a child you know well. You should say: Where you met him/her What he/she looks like What personality he/she has and explain how you feel about him/her. Describe a close friend of yours. You should say: Who he/she is How you got to know each other what activities you do together and explain why you feel close to him or her. Describe a toy you used to play with. You should say: What it was made of How you got it What you did with it and explain whether you liked it or not and why.Describe an exciting period of your life. You should say: When it was Who was with you What you did and explain why it was exciting for you. Describe a garden/park you enjoyed visiting. You should say: Where it is What it looks like When you first visited it and explain how you enjoyed the visit. Describe a change in the past few years in your city. You should say: What the c hange was What caused the change Whether it was easy to change and explain what you think of the change. Describe a popular TV program in your country. You should say: What time it is on What is it about Who watches it and explain why it is very popular in your country.Describe a book you enjoyed reading very much. You should say: What the name of the book was When you read it What the book was about and explain why you liked it. Describe a recent news story that you heard or read about. You should say: How you heard about the news story What people, places or events were involved How you felt about the news story and explain why you found this news story particularly interesting. Describe a subject you enjoyed studying at school. You should say: When and where you started studying it What the lessons were like What made the subject different from other subjects And explain why you enjoyed the subjectDescribe an artist or entertainer you admire. You should say: Who they are and what they do How they became successful How you found out about them And explain why you admire them. Describe an important choice you had to make in your life. You should say: When you had this choice What you had to choose between Whether you made a good choice And explain how you felt when you were making this choice Describe a job you have done. You should say: How you got the job What the job involved How long the job lasted Describe how well you did the jobDescribe an area of countryside you know and like. You should say: Where it is What its special features are What you and other people do in this area And explain why you like it Describe an object you particularly like. You should say: What it is and what it looks like What it is made of What it is for And explain why it is special for you Describe a newspaper or magazine you enjoy reading. You should say: What kind of newspaper/magazine it is Which parts of it you read regularly When and where you read it Explain why you enjoy reading it Describe something healthy you enjoy doing.You should say: What you do Where you do it Who you do it with And explain why you think doing this is healthy Describe a game or sport you enjoy playing. You should say: What kind of sport it is Who you play it with Where you play it And explain why you enjoy playing it Describe someone in your family who you like. You should say: How this person is related to you What this person looks like What kind of person he/she is And explain why you like this person Describe a museum or art gallery that you have visited. You should say: Where it is Why you went there What you particularly remember about the place.Describe an enjoyable event that you experienced when you were at school. You should say: When it happened What was good about it Who was there And explain why this event has special meaning for you. Describe a song or piece of music you like. You should say: What the song or music is What kind of song or music it is Where you first heard it And explain why you like it Describe a festival that is important in your country. You should say: When the festival occurs What you did during it What you like or dislike about it And explain why this festival is important debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-67993756671235355402020-01-02T09:46:00.001-08:002020-01-02T09:46:03.781-08:00Analysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness - 1555 Words Although the author Joseph Conrad never met the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who died more than a century before Conradââ¬â¢s birth, their distinct philosophies still have numerous points of intersection, suggesting some fundamental truths within the structure of the human reality. Through the novella, Heart of Darkness, Conrad details his perspectives on the faults of man and reality as a whole, with views often coinciding with many of Leibnizââ¬â¢s own, as found in his numerous philosophical works. Consequently, the two perspectives combine together, like a cyclopean image, to enhance and deepen each of the two menââ¬â¢s philosophies on humanity. Among Leibnizââ¬â¢s many conceptual principles is that of perfection vs imperfection, asâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Consequently, Conradââ¬â¢s narrative and Leibniz s philosophy support one anotherââ¬â¢s contentions in that every man has the capacity for evil, despite deriving the conclusion from two different means. Due to manââ¬â¢s ability for evil, both Conrad and Leibniz argue that a deterioration of these morals exist when in penetrating and corrupt circumstances despite the commonality or ââ¬Å"justiceâ⬠in a structured civilization. The greatest motive for working in the Congo is the grand opportunity to obtain ivory. Meeting Kurtz in the Inner Station, Marlow experiences a ââ¬Å"heavy, mute spell of wildernessâ⬠that draws him ââ¬Å"to the pitiless breastâ⬠all by the ââ¬Å"awakening of forgotten and brutal instincts, by the memory of gratified [...] passionsâ⬠(Conrad 82). Conrad alludes that such force has caused Kurtz to dwell and reside to savage manners. Although it may seem like only the powers of darkness assaulted Kurtz, no ââ¬Å"devil is too much of a devilâ⬠and it is indeed with the significant combination of the personal, overwhelming desire for Ivory that lead to his deterioration. In ââ¬Å"Opinion on the Principles of Pufendorfâ⬠, Leib niz believes it is self-evident that desire always drive the man drivesShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1504 Words à |à 7 Pagescontrol over others and can be found in both people and objects. In Joseph Conradââ¬â¢s Heart of Darkness the main character and narrator Marlow identifies a force within ivory that conveys a sense power within the enigmatic Mr. Kurtz. The African ivory trade was flourishing in the early 1900ââ¬â¢s. Obtaining the precious object transformed some into greedy connoisseurs with endless intentions to get their hands on all of the continents ivory. Conrad shows that the power that is emitted from the ivory falls intoRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness 1801 Words à |à 8 PagesAlly Jones Professor Smith English 1302 November 18, 2014 Female Roles in Joseph Conrad s the Heart of Darkness: In regards to Joseph Conradââ¬â¢s Heart of Darkness, many literature reviews focus on the motifs of Imperialism, the symbolism of darkness and fog, or the aspect of racism in Conradââ¬â¢s work. During the era which Conrad wrote, England was going through the Victorian Era, which was marked by a shift in views on morality. The term ââ¬Å"Victorian moralityâ⬠is used today to describe values whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1713 Words à |à 7 PagesMonth: January 2014 Name: Faris Khan Period: 3 Title: Heart of Darkness Author: Joseph Conrad Date started/date completed: 1/19 - 1/28 Pages read: 96/96 (Including the ten page introduction, 106/96) Rating of book (1-10): 9/10 Above you rated this book. Explain in detail why you gave this book that score: Author Joseph Conrad uses a very interesting method of narration in his novel, Heart of Darkness. The novel itself is written in first person, from the perspective of an unnamed sailor aboardRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1396 Words à |à 6 PagesShelly Pyakurel Ellen Stockstill English 4 DC 27 April 2015 Research Paper Heart of Darkness is a novel by Joseph Conrad that centers on Marlow, a man who goes to the Congo for a job opportunity. He meets a man named Kurtz, who is well known by many. Once he gets to the Congo, he sees colonialism first-hand. He sees that the natives of the country were practically enslaved and forced to work under very harsh conditions. The two major characters of the novel are Marlow and Kurtz. There are many minorRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1552 Words à |à 7 Pagesfollowers. Historically, people have been socialized to accept and adhere to these stereotypes. Women have an important role in Joseph Conradââ¬â¢s Heart of Darkness. Women are used in this novella reflect an important aspect of culture: sexism. Heart of Darkness was originally published in 1898, a period where women were facing especially harsh discrimination. Conradââ¬â¢s Heart of Darkness tells the story of Marlow, an experienced sea captain, who is setting out on a mission to rescue Kurtz, an intelligent butRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1233 Words à |à 5 PagesImperialism has often been described as a light, a method to guide the uncivilized. However in Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad sheds true light on the subject. In the novel, Conrad exposes the situation in Congo during the era of Imperialism for the Europeans. Conrad reveals the exploitation of the natives through a tale of Marlow, an introspective sailor, and his nightmarish journey up the Congo River to meet a reputable European trader, Kurtz. As the life of the great Kurtz comes to a close, theRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1250 Words à |à 5 Pages Written in 1902, Joseph Conradââ¬â¢s Heart of Darkness follows the character Marlow in his journey up the Congo River to find the mysterious Kurtz, an ivory trader. In the s tory, Conrad explores the issues of colonialism and imperialism. The Company has enslaved native Congolese to help them mine for ivory and rubber in the area. The Congolese experience brutal working conditions as the company profits off their free labor. Racism is evident throughout the story with Marlow calling the blacks ââ¬Å"savagesâ⬠Read MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness963 Words à |à 4 Pagespeople. Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, can be criticised through many different lenses. Though Natives are a large part of Conradââ¬â¢s narrative of European atrocities in the Congo, his treatment of Congolese Natives throughout the book show them to be nothing more than props. Conrad skews Natives language, culture and intelligence to fit Europeans schema for Africa and Africans. Conradââ¬â¢s Heart of Darkness is placed in a colonized Congo. ...despite Heart of Darkness s (Joseph Conrad) obviousRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1080 Words à |à 5 Pages1 Kathrine Carrasquillo Dr. David Mulry Engl 2112 Feb 13, 2017 Who is Mr. Kurtz, and what does Conrad use him for? Mr. Kurtz is the main character in Joseph Conrad s English novella, Heart of Darkness. There is no proof that Mr. Kurtz is based on a real person, so it is assumed that he is a made up character. When Mr. Kurtz is first introduced the audience learns that he is a Belgian ivory trader and he was sent to Africa by his employer for work. At first glance, Mr. Kurtz just represents a normalRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 2026 Words à |à 9 Pages Ryan Li 7/22/17 AP Lit/Comp Summer Reading Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness is written by Joseph Conrad and published in 1899. It is a novella written in the early modernism literary period. Joseph Conrad was born as Jà ³zef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski on December three 1857 in Berdichev, Ukraine to Polish parents. He was raised and educated in Poland. After his career is the seafarer in the French and British merchant Marines, he wrote short stories which he used his experiences debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-43839179526347839362019-12-25T06:13:00.001-08:002019-12-25T06:13:04.429-08:00My Family - Original Writing - 994 Words I was a young girl living in Lynwood, California with my parents, two brothers and one sister. My family was very close to each other, my neighbors were my three cousins. We were always outside playing soccer and told each other scary stories to see who was the scary cat of us all. Ever morning we walked to school with our ziplock bags with cereal and milk. Being just a little kid it never came to mind being apart from my cousins. Los Angeles is a very crowded ,fast living place to live in, and extremely expensive in cost of living. My mother was a single parent she couldnââ¬â¢t handle the bills by herself, my dad was always out doing nothing but good. My mother felt like she needed to make a change in her life and ours of course. Thatââ¬â¢s how it all started my mother was tired of living the same routine everyday. She one day came across a close friend who was telling her how happy she was to be out of Los Angeles with her new career. A new job was offered to my mother in C oalinga so she agreed. Then, it hit me that we were going to have to move, but I was barely going to enter second grade and even a chance to get the same class with one of my cousins. I couldnââ¬â¢t imagine living 4 hours away from my family. Thatââ¬â¢s all I had at school my three cousinââ¬â¢s who were my only friends. I remember my mom coming into my room and telling that moving was going to be a better opportunity for us to have a brighter future also, that we were going to get a huge house. But I knew a huge houseShow MoreRelatedMy Family - Original Writing914 Words à |à 4 Pageswas raised in Jellico, Tennessee, a quaint town bordering Kentucky with my parents, and three older sisters. My family was extremely religious up until I was nearly a teenager. My family attended church every week, in addition to leading the church youth group. One would be under the impression that the Hughes family was an exceedingly wholesome family that did little wrong, I was under this impression also. Being a white family in an old-fashioned town in both the south and the bible belt, this wasRead MoreMy Family - Original Writing963 Words à |à 4 PagesWhere was I expected to go now that my father no longer wanted me living in his house? I remember asking myself this question over and over. I had just been dropped off, back in my home town, at my grandparentââ¬â¢s house after a long and excruciatingly quiet car ride. I had sat in the backseat of my fatherââ¬â¢s SUV, not a single word spoken between us. The entire time all I had to think about was where I would go once we arrive at our destination. I canââ¬â¢t stay with my grandparentââ¬â¢s for the next two yearsRead MoreMy Family - Original Writing Essay1521 Words à |à 7 PagesWhen I was younger, my mom would rent out our basement room to single people she would work with in the military. I personally loved it because it meant that there were more people around I could harass into playing with me . However, I was always confused when I would hear my grandparents berate my mother for letting ââ¬Å"those peopleâ⬠into our home. I remained confused, until I asked my mother what they meant, and why they were so angry. She described to me how ââ¬Å"old fashionedâ⬠my grandparents were andRead MoreMy Family - Original Writing966 Words à |à 4 PagesI lived there for twelve years, it was all I ever knew. My parents got divorced right after I was born and I lived with my mom and my two sisters. My mom was tall and skinny with tan skin, dark brown eyes and long brown hair. I felt like I never really knew her growing up though because she worked often. I was always left with my two sisters and occasionally with one of my momââ¬â¢s many boyfriends. I was the youngest of my sisters. Eventually my mom found a decent man. His name was Steve and he was tallRead MoreMy Family - Original Writing1477 Words à |à 6 Pagesneighbours were also my mumââ¬â¢s mum and her siste r, a whole heap of my extended family were there. This included my cousins Grace and Mark, their parents, a few distant family members, and some I hadnââ¬â¢t even met before. Even though the house was overcrowded, I had a lot of fun. Soon it was getting late, and the adults were starting to get tipsy. Me, my sister, and my other cousins headed back to my house where we played with fake blood and makeup in our confined, second floor bathroom. My sister Ruby,Read MoreMy Family - Original Writing Essay1131 Words à |à 5 Pagesin the morning. I stood in the doorway of my parentââ¬â¢s bedroom watching my parents crying their eyes out while yelling at my sister. How could this happen to you? Why did you want to do this? Why did I get a call from the cops at two in the morning saying that you were thinking about killing yourself, my mom yells, fiercely shaking in fear. I hate my life, my sister screams back at them practically swimming in her own tears. By this point, both of my brothers have awoken and are now standing alongsideRead MoreMy Family - Original Writing1016 Words à |à 5 Pagesgrew up raised on religion, thatââ¬â¢s all my family ever talked about; ââ¬Å"What would the Lord want?â⬠I loved having rules to live by and knowing that someone was watching over me. I brought religion to my own family. My wife and son, they knew how important religion was to me. Itââ¬â¢s ironic how religion, the thing I loved so much, led me to thisâ⬠¦ jail. I started hearing the voice a few months before I became trapped in this cell. The voice would ask me about my faith and told me that I had an importantRead MoreMy Family Vacation - Original Writing1935 Words à |à 8 PagesAs families go, mine was what I thought of as normal ââ¬â whatever normal may mean. We always took our summer family vacations in Durness in the Northwestern Highlands of Scotland. My Seanmhair, Skye Sutherland on my fatherââ¬â¢s side lived in a converted crofter cottage on the edge of the cliffs above the sea. The cottage is made of the same stone as the low walls near the cottage. I always loved going back each year to my fatherââ¬â¢s childhood home. The Highlands of Scotland were more than just theRead MoreMy First Family Reunion - Original Writing853 Words à |à 4 Pagesperfect family photo, they imagine a family with fancy clothing, a bright sunny day, green grass and faces that have been enhanced. When my family takes photos they are no t quite that picture perfect family thatââ¬â¢s advertise but a family that goes deeper than perfection. I come from a fairly large family with five sisters, one brother and that includes my parents four grandchildren and one son-in-law. My sisters are in the middle row off to the left side, my brothers hand is wrapped around my motherRead More what i do when i write Essay727 Words à |à 3 Pageswhen i write nbsp; nbsp; What I do when I write depends entirely on what Im writing, who Im writing for, and how soon it needs to be done. I have somewhat of a different approach to writing when the piece is for an assignment versus a work of original fiction. I prepare, pre-write, and proofread differently. However, some things remain the same. I still try to get the same amount of feedback from my peers, still put forth the same effort. Whether the work is for pleasure or for a grade debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-43467958138069092902019-12-17T02:03:00.001-08:002019-12-17T02:03:05.537-08:00Essay The Debate over Same Sex Marriage - 894 Words The Debate over Same Sex Marriage Legislation is deeply entrenched in language and the continual process of interpretation. Laws are created as a response to cultural and societal needs, wants and norms and are restructured and interpreted as these desires and standards change over time. The importance of the words chosen and the syntax used in order to translate societys standards into legislation are amplified over time because they are continuously deconstructed, examined, and analyzed. As these laws are applied to and challenged by society, policymakers must examine them and then change them through discourse and dialogue. As current sentiments towards marriage are changing and shifting, policymakers must begin to examine ourâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In his 1996 speech against the Defense of Marriage Act, John Kerry chose to speak not only of the legal implications of the law but took the opportunity to step back from the politics of Washington DC and consider the human, embodied, and gendered effect of this law on our Nation. John Kerry, in 1996 and 2004, does not support a homosexual couples right to marry yet he has spoken out against proposed legislation which is based on the denial of a right to someone who is a homosexual. In his speech, he criticizes the use of the word defense in the title of the act saying that if it was truly concerned with defending marriage it would, provide for counseling, guarantee day care, and expand protection of abused children among many other things (232). This, he argues, would be defending marriage against that which threatens it. In order to defend, one must first be put on the defensive by offensive and threatening actions and behaviors. Marriage is threatened by alcoholism, domestic violence, etc. but not by the fact that two people of the same gender love each other. Unlike Bush and the conservative voice on the issue of same-sex marriage, Kerry, and other liberals, are not afraid of taking about the issue of gender and love when it comes toShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Same Sex Marriage1334 Words à |à 6 Pagesapprove the so-called Federal Marriage Amendment. This would amend the US Constitution to legally define marriage as the union of a man and a woman only. Utah has passed a similar amendment that was ratified by Utah voters in the general election of 2004. I believe that couples of the same sex should be able to marry, and receive the same rights as man and women couples, but I m going to argue both points. The pros and the cons of same sex marriage. -Same sex marriage has been a fight that has beenRead MoreThe Debate Over Same Sex Marriage1682 Words à |à 7 PagesThe largely debated topic of same-sex relationships have been on the forefront of all U.S. citizenââ¬â¢s minds, including and more specifically of those in the branches of legislature. More states today have begun passing laws that accept and recognize marriage for this population. This minority group, in some opinions, has been at a disadvantage when it comes to marriage equality. Previous studies have explored this great debate in the United States beginning in the 1970s. The Minnesota Post publishedRead MoreThe Debate Over Same Sex Marriage866 Words à |à 4 Pagesindividuals can rebel against the government and be indecorous about it. Besides, in this year alone, we had the USA Today News is saying, ââ¬Å"WASHINGTON ââ¬â The Supreme Court agreed Friday, January 16, 2015 at 6:12 P.M. to resolve the national debate over same-sex marriage once and for all1à ¢â¬ . This disputation after-all it was approved and overturned into 36 out of 50 states. At the end, we can distinctly see how precipitously separated our public position toward homosexuals are rapidly changing to reflectRead MoreThe Debate Over Same Sex Marriage1181 Words à |à 5 Pagessociety than same sex marriage? It is a topic that has battered Americans for decades, and just recently has it been decided that same sex marriage and relations is awarded by the constitution. Before this it was at states discretion whether or not to allow those of the same sex to marry. But, on June 26, 2015 the Supreme Court ruled that the constitution gave legal rights to same sex couples to marry in all 50 states where prior to that only 37 states had legalized same sex marriage. (Freedom toRead MoreThe Debate Over Same Sex Marriage1555 Words à |à 7 PagesFor years on end, same-sex marriage has been a topic of controversy. It has always been an on-going argument; there is the for-side an d there is the against-side. There are many arguments for each side but which side has the most convincing argument? Maybe some of these arguments can be debunked. There needs to be a discussion about the holes in arguments and which side is the most convincing. The history of same-sex marriage was anti-climatic for a long time. It seemed that for too many years itRead MoreThe Debate Over Same Sex Marriage979 Words à |à 4 Pages Dissenting Rhetoric On June 26, 2015, same-sex marriage was legalized across the united states, due to a decision the Supreme Court made; the decision made all state level bans on same-sex marriage were considered unconstitutional, thus overruling the bans. In the dissenting argument on the Supreme Courtââ¬â¢s Decision to legalize same-sex couple marriage, Chief Justice Roberts makes a passionate argument revolving around the fact that it was the Supreme Court that made the decision and not the CountryRead MoreThe Debate Over The Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1264 Words à |à 6 Pagestraditional values have come into contest with more liberal values. One of the most prevalent examples of this is the ongoing debate over the legalization of same-sex marriage within America. In the article ââ¬Å"Supreme Court should make gay marriage a national rightâ⬠by the editorial staff at the Boston Globe, the importance of the upcoming Supreme Court ruling on same sex marriage was stressed because it is a topic that has been dodged thus far. While numerous federal circuit courts have ruled on thisRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Debate Over The Free Speech Clause And Antidiscrimination Law1786 Words à |à 8 PagesJournal, the major conflict that exists in this same-sex-marriage-legalization debate is between the free-speech clause and antidiscrimination law. Technically, the people who refused to offer their service to the homosexual people based on their religious belief were not legally wrong according to the first amendment. However, did the homosexual couples do anything wrong? No, they didnââ¬â¢t. They ordered the same services, and they were willing to pay the same amount of money. What they wanted was nothingRead MoreEssay on Marriage Equailty for the LGBT Community1554 Words à |à 7 Pagesequality, and particularly, marriage equality. Each individual has their own perception on marriage equality, whether it is based on moral basis, or on a humanistic (humane) basis, whi ch is the belief of not denying anyone the right to be who they are, and therefore love who they love. However, as a society, we must examine the facts, as well as ourselves, as we address the debate for marriage equality for the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender community. The Debate: Morals v. Humanistic BeliefsRead MoreGay Marriage Essay1744 Words à |à 7 Pages 02/02/2012 Legalizing same-sex marriage has been a debate going on for quite some time. The recognition of such marriages is a civil rights, political, social, moral, and religious issue in many nations. Since 2001, ten countries have begun allowing same-sex couples to marry nationwide. In the United States the federal government does not recognize same-sex marriage, but such marriages are recognized by some individual states. Proposition 8 in November debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-74882987058445871262019-12-08T22:45:00.001-08:002019-12-08T22:45:03.054-08:00CONSTANTINE Essay Example For Students CONSTANTINE Essay THE GREATFlavius Valerius Constantinus, better known as Constantine the Great, was born on February 27, 273 or 274. His father was Constantius Chlorus, afterwards Caesar and Augustus, but at the time of Constantines birth merely a promising officer in the Roman Army. Constantius belonged to one of the leading families of Moesia and his mother was a niece of the capable and soldierly Claudius, the conqueror of the Goths. Helena is said to have been the daughter of an innkeeper of Drepanum, and Constantines enemies lost no opportunity of dwelling upon the obscurity of his ancestry upon mothers side. But that he was born in wedlock is beyond question. Helena, who later became St. Helena, is still remembered as the Christian Empress. There is, however, nothing to support the assertion sometimes made, that she was already baptized before Constantines birth and her early influence ultimately brought him to Christianity. Such facts about her life as are known would suggest the contrary Eus ebius of Caecarea declares that Constantine in fact converted his mother. There are, however, other indications that Helena was not a Christian during her sons early years. At what date Helena did embrace Christianity remains a mystery. Nor can anyone say with certainly what gods she worshipped during her sons childhood. The uncertainty attaching to the year of Constantines birth attaches even more to its place. Where he was born is almost not known. The name of the places have been proposed: Colchester in Britain, Drepanum, a city on the shores of the Gulf of Nicomedia on the southern coast of the Bosphorus, and the town of Naissus, now Nish, in the province of Dacia in the Balkans. None of them can certainly be excluded, but Colchester is the least likely of the three. No one now believes that he was born in Britain a pleasing fiction which was invented by English monks, who delighted to represent his mother Helena as the daughter of a British King, though they were quite at a loss where to locate his kingdom. The only foundation for this was a passage in one of the Panegyrists, who said that Constantine had bestowed luster upon Britain. There is no evidence that Constantius visited Britain before he became Praetorian Prefect to Maximian in 286 or 287. The evidence for Constantines birth at Drepan um in northern Asia Minor is not much convincing. It stands mainly on the facts that he renamed the city Helenopolis and its province Helenopontus in his mothers honor, and that the emperor Justinian beautified the city because his illustrious predecessor had been born there. Justinians act of piety was, however, performed two hundred years after Constantines death and can scarcely be taken to prove anything. The weight of the evidence favors Naissus as Constantines native town. His contemporary, Julius Firmicius, affirms it absolutely, and it is confirmed by the unnamed author quoted by Ammianus late in the fourth century. Naissus was an important city, and it would not be really remarkable that both Claudius should valiantly defend it and Constantius Chlorus son be born there. It would held to fix the date and place Constantines birth if there were hard evidence pointing to where Helenas father kept his inn, when Constantius began his service in the south Danubian area, and how lo ng after the start of Helenas association with him her son was born. It is tempting to speculate that the inn was at or near Naissus, that Constantius met Helena while serving in the Gothic campaign, and that Constantine was born within a few miles of the side of his alleged imperial relations greatest victory. .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 , .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 .postImageUrl , .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 , .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83:hover , .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83:visited , .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83:active { border:0!important; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83:active , .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83 .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf0dba15ed7181e0e9963e9c31a450b83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer Science EssayOf Constantines early years we know almost nothing, though we may suppose that they were spent in the eastern half of the Empire. In 293 Constantine was betrothed to Fausta the daughter of Maximian, and in this year his father Constantius was made Caesar, and partially master of Gaul with the task assigned him of recovering Britain. Constantine had no learned education and served both the Augustus Diocletian and the Caesar Galerius as a tribune of the bodyguard. Under Galerius, Constantine fought against the Persians (297-298). But Constantine decided to depart from the east and rejoin his debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-86710235640834569062019-12-01T10:27:00.001-08:002019-12-01T10:27:05.558-08:00Nature And Death In Literature Essays - DudleyWinthrop Family Nature And Death In Literature Nature and Death Literature delivers or expresses ideas according to the social and cultural settings of the particular time of the writers. Even though, it is designed to be in a certain time frame, the concepts overlap each other. The poems In memory of my dear grandchild by Anne Bradstreet, Upon wedlock and death of children by Edward Taylor though were written in different eras, they have a common concept death. The writers in their poems describe that death is a natural process and compare it with different aspects of nature. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) and Edward Taylor (1642-1729) are both early American litterateurs, and are firm believers in the Puritan experiment in America. Anne Bradstreet was the daughter of Thomas Dudley, and got married to Simon Bradstreet when she was sixteen years old. She received a better education than other young women did of her times. Due to her childhood diseases and deadly, childbirth experiences, she became very weak. She had to lead a life full of hardships in the new land. Although her distress is not hidden, faith in God is also the prominent object in her works. Edward Taylor was a son of a yeoman farmer, went to Harvard for higher education, and became a teacher for a while. He was not involved with the church and instead became a puritan minister. He wrote poems for his own pleasure and not as a part of religious service. He too believed in the puritan experiment in America. The poems chosen of these two writers are about death immediate family members. Although, both the writers have different intentions, they associate death with some aspects of nature. There is a common mechanics used in all of Anne Bradstreet's poems. She uses iambic pentameter, the most popular line length in English. In the poem In the memory of my dear grandchild she speaks in first person and handles the mechanics very well rhyming at every alternate line. The poem comprises of two verses of seven lines each. In the first verse, she expresses the distress of loosing her grand child Elizabeth. She is sorrowful, and bids farewell to her very young grand daughter. Then she says to herself that it is wrong of her to cry as her Elizabeth is in a better place that is everlasting Or sigh thy days so soon were terminate, sith thou art settled in an everlasting state. She consoles herself in the next stanza by giving examples that everything in nature has to die one day. She exemplifies by trees, apples, grass, plants, and buds. The last line of her poem, Is by His h and alone that guides nature and fate accentuates her believe in God. She gives in to God's power to make everything happen and bows down to it. Similarly Edward Taylor in his poem, Upon wedlock, and death of Children expresses his gratitude to God on his children birth and does not complain on their death. Whether thou getst them green, or lets them seed meaning that its up to the Lord to decide about a persons fate. He uses iambic pentameter as the mechanics and his thought flow in an orderly fashion, rhyming at every alternate lines. His poem consists of seven stanzas each of six lines. He is actually telling about his family tree in this poem. He symbolizes his children as flowers and describes when that flower bloomed or withered off. He first expresses about how wonderful the relationship between a married man and his wife is. Then he goes on with his children's births and deaths. He symbolizes his children and their children as different parts of nature such as, singing birds and different flowers and their odor. However, in the entire poem he never complaints to God regarding his loses. In fact he praises the Lord and thanks Him when one of his children survives. This represents his true faith in God. By reading his poem, one can easily make out about his family, that how many children and grandchildren he had. Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor had one thing in common that they were both puritans, and their works represent puritan philosophies, and most of all debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-81744174720207580572019-11-26T15:27:00.001-08:002019-11-26T15:27:05.008-08:00Slash and Burn Agriculture ExplanationSlash and Burn Agriculture Explanation Slash and burn agriculture is the process of cutting down the vegetation in a particular plot of land, setting fire to the remaining foliage, and using the ashes to provide nutrients to the soil for theà use of planting food crops. The cleared area following slash and burn, also known as swidden, is used for a relatively short period of time, and then left alone for a longer period of time so that vegetation can grow again. For this reason, this type of agriculture is also known as shifting cultivation. Steps to Slash and Burn Generally, the following steps are taken in slash and burn agriculture: Prepare the field by cutting down vegetation; plants that provide food or timber may be left standing.The downed vegetation is allowed to dry until just before the rainiest part of the year to ensure an effective burn.The plot of land is burned to remove vegetation, drive away pests, and provide a burst of nutrients for planting.Planting is done directly in the ashes left after the burn. Cultivation (the preparation of land for planting crops) on the plot is done for a few yearsà until the fertility of the formerly burned land is reduced. The plot is left alone for longer than it was cultivated, sometimes up to 10 or more years, to allow wild vegetation to grow on the plot of land. When vegetation has grown again, the slash and burn process may be repeated. Geography of Slash and Burn Agriculture Slash and burn agriculture is most often practiced in places where open land for farming is not readily available because of dense vegetation. These regions include central Africa, northern South America, and Southeast Asia. Such farming is typically done within grasslands and rainforests. Slash and burn is a method of agriculture primarily used by tribal communities for subsistence farming (farming to survive). Humans have practiced this method for about 12,000 years, ever since the transition known as the Neolithic Revolution- the time when humans stopped hunting and gathering and started to stay put and grow crops. Today, between 200 and 500 million people use slash and burn agriculture, roughly 7% of the worldââ¬â¢s population. When done properly, slash and burn agriculture provides communities with a source of food and income. Slash and burn allows people to farm in places where it usually is not possible because of dense vegetation, soil infertility, low soil nutrient content, uncontrollable pests, or other reasons. Negative Aspects of Slash and Burn Many critics claim that slash and burn agriculture contributes to a number of persistent environmental problems. They include: Deforestation: When practiced by large populations, or when fields are not given sufficient time for vegetation to grow back, there is a temporary or permanent loss of forest cover.Erosion: When fields are slashed, burned, and cultivated next to each other in rapid succession, roots and temporary water storages are lost and unable to prevent nutrients from leaving the area permanently.Nutrient Loss: For the same reasons, fields may gradually lose the fertility they once had. The result may be desertification, a situation in which land becomes infertile and unable to support the growth of any kind.Biodiversity Loss: When plots of land area are cleared, the various plants and animals that lived there are swept away. If a particular area is the only one that holds a particular species, slashing and burning could result in extinction for that species. Because slash and burn agriculture is often practiced in tropical regions where biodiversity is extremely high, endangerment and extinctio n may be magnified. The negative aspects above are interconnected, and when one happens, typically another happens also. These issues may come about because of irresponsible practices of slash and burn agriculture by large numbers of people. Knowledge of the ecosystem of the area and agricultural skills may provide ways to practice slash and burn agriculture in restorative, sustainable ways. debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-6726848345553976382019-11-22T22:50:00.001-08:002019-11-22T22:50:04.306-08:00Using Historic Context in Analysis and InterpretationUsing Historic Context in Analysis and Interpretation Historical context is an important part of life and literature and without it, memories, stories, and characters have less meaning. What exactly is historical context? Its essentiallyà the details that surround an occurrence. In more technical terms, historical context refers to the social, religious, economic, and political conditions that existed during a certain time and place. Basically, its all the details of the time and place in which a situation occurs, and those details are what enable us to interpret and analyze works or events of the past, or even the future, rather than merely judge them by contemporary standards. In literature, a strong understanding of the historical context behind a works creation can give us a better understanding of and appreciation for the narrative. In analyzing historical events, context can help us understand what motivates people to behave as they did. Put another way, context is what gives meaning to the details. Its important, however, that you dont confuse context with cause. Cause is the action that creates an outcome; context is the environment in which that action and outcome occur.à Words and Deeds Whether dealing with fact or fiction, historical context is important when interpreting behavior and speech. Consider the following sentence which, devoid of context, sounds innocent enough: Sally hid her hands behind her back and crossed her fingers before she answered. But imagine that this statement comes from a transcript of court documents in Salem, Mass., in 1692, during the famed Salem Witch Trials. Religious fervor was at an extreme, and villagers were nearly obsessed with the devil and witchcraft. At that time, if a young woman were to tell a lie, it was fodder for hysteria and a violent reaction. A reader would assume that poor Sally was a candidate for the gallows. Now, imagine youre reading a letter from a mother that contains this sentence: My daughter will be heading to California shortly after she marries. How much information does this statement give us? Not much, until we consider when it was written. Should we discover that the letter was written in 1849, we will realize that one sentence can sometimes say a lot. A young woman heading for California in 1849 might be following her husband on a treacherous treasure-seeking expedition for the gold rush. This mother would probably be quite fearful for her child, and she would know that it would be a very long time before shed see her daughter again, if ever. à Bettmann/Getty Images Historical Context in Literatureà No work of literature can be fully appreciated or understood without historical context. What may seem nonsensical or even offensive to contemporary sensibilities, might actuallyà be interpreted in a completely different manner by considering the era it is from. A good example is Mark Twainsà Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, published in 1885. It is considered an enduring work of American literature and a biting social satire. But it is also criticized by modern critics for its casual use of a racial epithet to describe Hucks friend Jim, an escaped slave. Such language is shocking and offensive to many readers today, but in the context of the day, it wasââ¬â¹ the commonplace language for many. Back in the mid-1880s, when attitudes toward the newly liberated African-American slaves were often indifferent at best and hostile at worst, the casual use of such racial epithets wouldnt have been considered unusual. In fact, what is actually more surprising, given the historical context of when the novel was written, is Hucks treating Jim not as his inferior but as his equal- something rarely portrayed in the literature of the time. Similarly, Mary Shelleys Frankensteinà cannot be fully appreciated by a reader who is unaware of the Romantic movement that took place in art and literature in the early 19th century. It was a time of rapid social and political upheaval in Europe when lives were transformed by the technological disruptions of the Industrial Age.à The Romantics captured the publics sense of isolation and fear that many experienced as a result of these social changes. Frankenstein becomes more than a good monster story, it becomes an allegory for how technology can destroy us.à Other Uses of Historical Context Scholars and educators rely on historical context to analyze and interpret works of art, literature, music, dance, and poetry. Architects and builders rely on it when designing new structures and restoring existing buildings. Judges may use it to interpret the law, historians to understand the past. Any time critical analysis is required, you may need to consider historical context as well. Without historical context, we are only seeing a piece of the scene and not fully understanding the influence of the time and place in which a situation occurred. debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-64159122508156636922019-11-21T03:38:00.001-08:002019-11-21T03:38:03.377-08:00Fundraising Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsFundraising Plan - Essay Example The fundraising extends a period of three weeks, a period within which the managers will develop and trade various products and services before culminating into a large fundraising dinner on 14/11/2014 at the Universityââ¬â¢s pavilion. The fundraising is a way for the universityââ¬â¢s teams to involve the community in its development. The teams seek to enjoy financial independence by creating an effective management team that will oversee the utilization of all its resources for posterity of athletics in the society (Tullberg, 2006). Hill toppers has been the name of the universityââ¬â¢s team since 1925. The teams take part in different sporting events thereby contributing to the extracurricular development of the students. Additionally, the sports offer the students with an effective platform to interact and develop their management skills. The teams have grown concurrently with the University (Blick, 2011). Since 2005, Hill toppers has achieved great success owing to the effective management of the teams. The teams have a history of raising funds to acquire resources and enhance the success of the teams. In 2007 for example, the teams raised two hundred thousand dollars for the development of both a soccer and football pitches within the university. The success of the fundraising event enhanced the performance of the two sports a feature that informs the current even which sees to raise adequate resources for refurbishing the entire universityââ¬â¢s sportââ¬â¢s fraternity. The fundraisingââ¬â¢s strengths include the diversity of the services and products. This implies that the fundraising will raise money from numerous sources. Additionally, the large duration coupled with the large number of interested stakeholders ensures that the project exhausts all its resources. Its weakness on the other hand is the huge sum it seeks debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-5483556452607991062019-11-19T13:37:00.001-08:002019-11-19T13:37:04.076-08:00My Diet Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsMy Diet Analysis - Essay Example Finally, I realized my energy expenditure was significantly more than my calorie intake. This gave me room to enhance my diet to incorporate more food groups. II. Based on my original 5 day food log actual vs. recommended report there were a number of nutrients in my diet that I consumed less than or equal to 75% of the recommended daily intake. Among these nutrients in the calories category included overall calorie consumption (38%), calories from fat (23%), and calories from saturated fat (15%). Other nutrients that fell within this designated range included carbohydrates, sugar, and dietary fiber. In terms of fats there were a number that fell below this recommended range. These included saturated fat, mono fat, and poly fat. Other nutrients included cholesterol, water, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin D, and vitamin E. In addition to these nutrients below the recommended daily intake, there was one nutrient ââ¬â sodium ââ¬â of which I consumed over 125% of my re commended daily intake. There are a number of ways that the foods in which I donââ¬â¢t meet the recommended intake, as well my overconsumption of sodium can adversely affect my health. In terms of my sodium consumption I am at risk of hypertension and heart disease (Farfan). In terms of the foods I am deficient in there are a number of diseases and risks I face. ... In terms of carbohydrates I risk experiencing low energy levels. In terms of fiber deficiency I face digestion problems. Finally, in terms of my fat deficiencies I face the risk of skin, fingernail, and even menstrual problems. III. There were a great many foods in which my recommended daily intake was below. In thinking of three foods that are aimed at fulfilling these needs, I attempted to find foods rich in many of nutrients I was deficient in. As I was deficient in many of the vitamin B categories, I realize that I should add bananas and legumes to my diet as they would improve both vitamin B1 and B6 consumption (Daniellson). In meeting my monosaturated fat intake I could consume more olive oil with my main meals. As the only nutrient that I consumed over the recommended daily intake of was sodium, three foods that I could remove from my diet to lower my sodium intake include crackers, tuna, and hamburgers; in addition I could limit my general use of salt (Iannelli, 2010). IV. Wh en comparing my original food log with my made up menus there were a number of elements I noticed that differed between the two food logs. One of the most pervasive differences I noticed between the two foods logs was that in the made up menu the calorie count was consistently higher in the made up menus. Itââ¬â¢s clear this is an element of not being able to maintain a balanced diet because of a variety of factors related to daily commitments. In terms of specific improvements I believe that some of the major improvements noted were the consistency in meals. In these regards, the made up menus more consistently contained foods from the recommended food categories. For instance, these menus consistently contained a debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-76626730922455977422019-11-17T02:09:00.001-08:002019-11-17T02:09:06.107-08:00Brave new world Essay Example for Free Brave new world Essay Lenina, Foster and the Director all have been pre-conditioned to think of themselves better and more intelligent than Betas, Delta, Gammas, and Epsilons, as do all Alphas. And with good reason as Alphas are pre-conditioned to be more intellectual and socially better. This portrays a capitalist society with the different classes. Huxley deriving from an upper-middle class family this is understandable. In contrast to 1984, everybody is relatively the same. Proles and Party members are all treated the same and are regulated with telescreens and thought police moving amongst them. The views of Orwell have been diffused into the subject matter of 1984 as well as Huxleys into BNW, the difference and contrast being their views. Huxleys views of a class system and Orwell views that a socialist Britain was going to develop in light of Soviet Russia. When further comparing the authors style and subject matter of thinking for their characters, it is clear that they share relatively the same principles. Orwells language and style shows that the Party members and proles are sub-consciously trained to believe the ideals of the Party by propaganda. Posters, the two-minute hate, books, songs and newspapers all enforce the Party ideals and the people believe them for they have no other principles or ideals with which to compare. They assume that the Party is right in what it says. This refers back to the proles not having an individual consciousness away from party principles, as stated by Winston in the extract. Their thinking is basic and un-intellectual. Similarly, the thinking process in BNW is a result from training and conditioning. This time people are taught in their sleep (again sub-consciously like in 1984) what to think and what ideals/principles to hold. Their thinking is mechanic and standardised which holds parallels with the mechanic factories they were produced in. Again it is the case of two different methods producing the same result. The subject matter of the BNW extract shows humour which 1984 does not. The fact and process that leads to the Rocket Engineers only ever being truly happy when standing on their heads and that Decanting trauma can occur in comparison with real life birth trauma. Both of these examples from the extract are illustrations of the humour that Huxley injects into the novel at several intervals. With 1984 there are no humorous comments at all and so the subject matter keeps, at all times, an air of seriousness, whereas with BNW this air of seriousness, as a revolutionary novel, is broken from time to time by the humour. A main contrast that the two extracts highlight is the ideal of what both worlds are striving towards and are. In 1984 Winston describes the Partys ultimate aim as; The ideal set up by the Party was something huge, terrible and glittering a world of steel and concrete, of monstrous machines a nation All thinking the same thoughts, shouting the same slogans, perpetually working, fighting, triumphing and persecuting three hundred million people all with the same face. This holds extreme parallels to the world that Huxley creates in Brave New World. A world where everyone has the same face paralleling with the mass producing of people that all look alike; shouting the same slogans, paralleling with the sleep taught sayings that everyone has a version of, whether youre an Alpha or Epsilon, a world of steel and concrete paralleling with the vast huge cities of BNW. It seems that 1984 is a world where a government is attempting to change the past and achieve a different world, whereas BNW is a world proud of its past and of sustaining its world. The two are exact opposites; BNW being what the Party is trying to create. The importance of the two extracts in the novels is high in that they are meant to shock the reader. Huxleys description of the manufacturing of people and Orwells description of a world that controls everything (even the past) and makes its people think whatever they like. Both extracts create a world in which the story is allowed to develop, they are the soil from which the seed is meant to grow. The 1984 extract has an added level to its importance as it shows that already Winston is part of the undead. It shows that Winston is doing exactly what hes not supposed to be and that if/when he is caught, the Party have got grounds on which to vaporise him. It shows the re-occurring principle in the novel that death is certain, and life is not. It shows that any chance of Orwells world changing, the Party being overthrown, is non-existent as any chance must lie in the proles but: Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious. This parallels with BNW as no-one there either wishes to change things, as they are content with their current life. Both extracts create these two worlds of unimaginable oppression whether its inhabitants realise it or not and the theme that runs throughout the comparison of the two novels and extracts is the same; that Orwell and Huxley both achieve relatively the same thing through different methods. They both achieve worlds of oppression and shock simply through different actual environments; as they did with making it that everyone thinks what the authorities wants them to think and that they have no interest in challenging this or any other aspect of their world. This being the case and both authors creating these future worlds of shock and astonishment are vital to the novels as this is what makes the novels so revolutionary for their time. debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6570660014975768340.post-54776057866240684532019-11-14T14:41:00.001-08:002019-11-14T14:41:04.595-08:00osteoporosis :: essays research papers à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à Special Assignment NutritionDefine Type 1 and Type 2 osteoporosis, and explain habits that increase a personââ¬â¢s risk of developing osteoporosis.Type 1 osteoporosis is characterized as post menopausal. Women who are approaching the age of menopause should seriously consider consulting a physician to prepare for the changes her body is about to go through. As estrogen levels taper off, the kidneys start to draw calcium the body needs for normal maintenance of the skeletal frame from the bones, which in turn results in a loss of trabecular calcium. Risks involved with such events include sudden breaks, the vertebrae may begin to disintegrate, teeth may begin to loosen, and fall out. Type 2 osteoporosis is known to happen with age. Although not directly related to hormones like Type 1, Type 2 also results in damage to the skeletal frame. Along with losses of trabecular goes cortical calcium, vertebrae compress cause the spine to form a wedged shape, and hips are often know to break. There are several habits of a lifestyle which contribute to the on set osteoporosis. Smoking cigarettes effects estrogen and calcium absorption resulting in lowered calcium levels. Maintaining a proper diet that includes plenty of vitamins (A, K, D, & C) and essentials minerals (phosphorous, fluoride, magnesium, and zinc) is a catch all remedy to fight against osteoporosis. Explain why women are more at risk of developing each type of osteoporosis.Women are more at risk to developing either osteoporosis due to the activity of estrogen in their bodies. Estrogen helps in calcium synthesis and fights against bone destroying osteoclasts cells. Women who have an irregular menstrual cycle or are post menopausal are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. 3b. Explain what changes in lifestyle you would recommend to your (choose one and circle your choice: mother, sister, wife, girlfriend, friend), to help her reduce her risk of developing osteoporosis. The best way for any woman to fend against osteoporosis are; maintain a diet of adequate debraharrison163http://www.blogger.com/profile/04932519819785525999noreply@blogger.com0